Among School Children A Condemnation of Old Age - Literature Essay Samples

In his poem â€Å"Among School Children,† W.B. Yeats describes his feelings upon entering a classroom full of young children as a sixty year old man. The beauty of the children that he encounters in the classroom leads him to question the value of the lives of old individuals like himself. As life appears to grow progressively worse with age, Yeats questions the desirability of living a long life. His visit to the classroom sparks for Yeats a contemplation of love, nature, men and women, philosophy, and finally the relationship between life and an aging body and imagination.In stanza one, Yeats depicts himself as a kind, sixty year old man in a school classroom, making polite inquiries to a nun, the teacher, about the education that the students are receiving. The nun, proud of her school and its modernity, informs Yeats that â€Å"The children learn to cipher and to sing, / To study reading books and history, / To cut and sew, be neat in everything†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3-5). In th e classroom, Yeats realizes that because he is many times the age of anyone else present aside from the nun, that he is an object of wonder for the kids. A famous and â€Å"public† man, his appearance is a special occasion, as the school likely did not have many visitors. The children quickly lose interest in him however, as they see only an old man who has come to smile at them.In stanza two, Yeats begins to let his mind wander back to the days when he was young and in love. He dreams of his beloved, now as old as he is. He says â€Å"I dream of a Ledaean body, bent / Above a sinking fire, a tale that she / Told of a harsh reproof, or trivial event / that changed some childish day to tragedy-†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (9-12). Describing her body as bent, he combines this image with that of a dying fire, implying that she relayed this story to him in her old age. The story, though trivial in nature, was meaningful due to the feelings which it aroused within them. While contemplating thi s past event they are taken back to their childhood, connecting as they sympathize with her childish plight. They come together in this shared feeling until they are like twins, blended â€Å"Into the yolk and white of the one shell† (16). In stanza three, Yeats becomes grieved because he realizes that at one point, he and his beloved were young and beautiful like the children who now surround him. He wonders if his beloved looked like the young girls in the class when she was there age, and if she shared the mannerisms which they now possess. He says â€Å"For even daughters of the swan can share / Something of every paddler’s heritage-â€Å"(20-21). He is saying that all children share many characteristics, and that just as the beautiful and graceful swan shares several physical traits with other paddling birds, his beloved, when a child, possessed many of the same traits as these children. â€Å"She stands before me as a living child† (24), he writes, his heart is driven wild by the thought of his beloved at that age.Yeats is then brought back to the present as an image of her as she appears now floats into his mind. He compares her to quattrocento artistic works, saying that she is â€Å"Hollow of cheek as though [she] drank the wing / And took a mass of shadows for [her] meat† (27-28). He then realizes that he, although a hollow-cheeked mass of shadows now, was a beautiful youth at one time too. Though not Ledaean like her, he also had â€Å"pretty plumage† once. He then decides that he has dwelt long enough on past appearances, and that now, rather than let his frustration with old age become visible, he should simply return the innocent smiles of the children surrounding him. It is here that he first compares himself to a scarecrow, and he states that it is best for him to show that â€Å"There is a comfortable kind of old scarecrow† (32). He decides that he should be a smiling old man, hiding from view the f rustration he feels inside.In stanza five, Yeats conjures an image of a Madonna figure, a young mother with a child upon her lap. He speculates as to the way that this mother would react were she able to perceive the future of her young, sleeping, shrieking, and struggling child. â€Å"Would [she] think her son, did she but see that shape / With sixty or more winters on its head, / A compensation for the pang of his birth, / Or the uncertainty of his setting forth† (37-40)? He wonders if the young mother would consider it worthwhile for her to experience childbirth and motherhood if she knew that sixty years later the beautiful baby would be an old, ugly scarecrow as he is now. Knowing the anticlimactic ending in store for her baby, perhaps the mother would conclude that raising him was not worth the bother. She may not find the scarecrow result sufficient compensation for the pang of childbirth or the uncertainty involved in sending a child into the world.In stanza six Yeats mentions three great philosophers, each of whom formulated classic theories before, inevitably, becoming old themselves. Yeats says that no matter what one accomplishes during one’s lifetime, the ending is always the same. â€Å"What a star sang and careless Muses heard: / Old clothes upon old sticks to scare a bird† (47-48). If people are always destined to end their lives as ugly old scarecrows, Yeats wonders what reasons there are for living into old age. Although the theories of these philosophers have been remembered for many generations, Yeats believes that perhaps it would have been best if these men had died before reaching old age. Their lives through middle age were justified, but perhaps if they had died at age fifty, they could have been spared the misery of becoming just three more old scarecrows.In stanza seven Yeats compares mothers and nuns, saying that both create objects of worship to which they dedicate their whole hearts. However, rather than worsh ipping God in a church lit by candles, a mother worships her child. She places all her hope in the child and dreams of the beautiful, successful person that her child will one day become. As the child ages and eventually becomes an old scarecrow, this â€Å"altar† starts to crumble and the mother’s heart is broken. Yeats implies with his poem that the nun’s heart breaks as well, perhaps because she concludes that her connection with God is not quite as strong or as fulfilling as she had originally dreamt it would be: â€Å"And yet they too break hearts-O Presences / That passion, piety or affection knows, / And that all heavenly glory symbolize- / O self-born mockers of man’s enterprise† (53-56). As the mothers and nuns realize this inevitable loss, they feel foolish for instilling all of their hopes within these failed realizations.Yeats begins the final stanza contemplating what life would be like if work was effortless: â€Å"Labour is blossomi ng or dancing where / The body is not bruised to pleasure soul, / Nor beauty born out of its own despair, / Nor blear-eyed wisdom out of midnight oil† (59-60). He says that labour should be painless and should not bruise the body, but it should bring pleasure to the soul. He also says, however, that beauty is born out of despair. This rings true in the world of art, as often the greatest artistic masterpieces are works of emotion conceived in fits of despair. Yeats says that this form of creation, as well as the pursuit of knowledge that leaves one â€Å"blear-eyed† from sleep deprivation, should not define the concept of labour. These lines refer to Yeats and other artists, and to philosophers like the three mentioned in stanza six. Yeats and these three philosophers find in their old age that they have put forth a great deal of hard labour pursuing their various enterprises. In the end, however, each is mocked by the image that they have created. The artist is mocked by his artistic creations, each an image of his continuing despair, and the philosophers are mocked by the ruination that their search for wisdom has unleashed upon their bodies. The second half of this final stanza uses the image of a chestnut tree to represent unity and the fact that life is a continuing and unified experience rather than one divided into youth and old age. â€Å"O chestnut tree, great rooted blossomer, / Are you the leaf, the blossom or the bole† (62-63)? The chestnut tree is none of these, but is a combination of all three parts, none of which exist without the other two. Also, a chestnut tree is not belittled in its old age. It lives as it has its entire life, continuing to fulfill its purpose of providing beautiful blossoms and bringing color to the world. Yeats says in the final two lines that people must live their lives in a manner as unified as the tree, recognizing that life is a like a dance. Although the dance of life is performed to the accompan iment of age, it is a continuous set of steps that spans from birth to the end of one’s life. Living within the constraints of time but not governing one’s life according to them, Yeats says that one must see each day as a new opportunity to continue one’s dance of life, choreographing new steps for themselves along the way. Imagination should be the driving force in old age, and as an old chestnut tree never loses its ability to blossom, old people never lose their ability to imagine, and thus to come up with new steps to the dance that is their lives.Yeats’ poem â€Å"Among School Children† is driven by his contemplation of old age and its meaning. Although he ponders the question deeply, he does not reach a conclusion. While in the first stanzas Yeats seems to have concluded that the lives of elderly are not worth living, he ends more optimistically. Rather than dwell on the loss of youthful beauty and exuberance, Yeats states one should perceiv e the end of one’s life as the last steps of a long dance that still may be infused with imagination and novelty. Yeats realizes that although this is not a solution to the decline in abilities attributed to old age, one’s state of mind will make the decline – which after all is the culmination of a long, productive life – more tolerable. Work CitedYeats, W. B. Among School Children. The Tower. New York, NY: Simon Schuster, 2004. 55-60.SourceVendler, Helen. WB Yeats: Among School Children. Harvard University. 20 Apr. 2007

Code Of Ethics Professional Counselor - 799 Words

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Raiders of the Lost Ark (Steven Spielberg, USA 1981) Essay

Raiders of the Lost Ark (Steven Spielberg, USA 1981) Harrison Ford stars in the film Raiders of the Lost Ark as a character called Indiana Jones. The opening sequence has left Indiana’s character mysterious to the audience but throughout this sequence we understand his character as bold, cool, calm and a collected leader, but as the sequence develops and the scene changes we see another side to Indiana, an intellectual man who dresses smartly and doesn’t seem cool anymore. From the opening sequence we know that this film is an action/adventure because it is packed with excitement, violence and close encounters with death. The mise en scene or what the audience see and hear plays an important†¦show more content†¦The positioning of the characters is important because they are in a line one behind another this shows the leader of the group is at the front and therefore the most important. As they get deeper into the jungle it is noticeable the screen changes from wide screen to take up the entire screen this is done to make the audience feel that they are getting deeper into the jungle. Shafts of sunlight through trees are used to make their adventure mysterious and because little light is used it makes it dark and shadowy to make the characters more heroic. As they are walking through the jungle there are noticeable difference between the three characters, the leader is wearing a leather jacket, a hat and is wearing a whip whereas the two people following have rather worn down shabby clothes and are carrying lots of equipment. This makes Indiana look as if he knows what he is doing whereas the porters seem as if they didn’t want to come and aren’t prepared. This is also reflected in their body language, Indiana seems tough and courageous whereas the porters seem nervous and anxious. The fact that Indiana isn’t carrying anything whereas the porters are carrying lots of tools suggest two things that Indiana is the leader and perhaps he has hired them which suggests he is well off. Indiana’sShow MoreRelatedThe Transformation of the Hero in the Film, Raiders of the Lost Ark1108 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Transformation of Hero in Raiders of Lost Ark Raiders of the Lost Ark is the 1981 film that follows renowned archeologist and professor Indiana Jones as he races against time and Nazis to uncover one of the greatest treasures believed to be in existence, the Ark of the Covenant. In this film, Indiana Jones fulfills the role of the hero and as such must fulfill certain tasks that will prove his heroic qualities. In The Heros Journey of Self-Transformation: Models of Higher Development from MythologyRead More Steven Spielberg Biography Essay example2581 Words   |  11 PagesSteven Spielberg Biography Steven Spielberg: Revolutionary and Visionary Who would have thought that a brilliant career in filmmaking could have originated with a modest jar of Skippy Peanut Butter smeared on a neighbor’s window in a tiny Cincinnati suburb? One might not think that such an average boyhood prank could evolve a boy into a man who would become the most financially successful film director in history. Well, that is exactly where Leah Spielberg, Steven Spielberg’s mother

Analyzing Brain Function Using Voxel -based Morphometric...

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Globalization Is The Fight Against The Things We Don t...

â€Å"There may be times when we are powerless to prevent injustice, but there must never be a time when we fail to protest† Elie Wiesel once said about activism. Activism is the fight against the things we don’t like or want in our lives today or it could be something that we are fighting for that the government doesn’t think it is necessary. Activism brings out protests about political or social change that people want and are fighting for. Naomi Klein is a social activist who has wrote books to fight for what she believes in and discriminates what she thinks is bad for our country and in other countries as well. 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Catholic Church’s responses to Nazi antisemitism Free Essays

Antisemitism refers to hatred or prejudice towards the Jews. The Nazi antisemitism started in 1933 and ended in 1945 marking a period of persecution and murder of Jews in Europe by the Nazis in Germany under Hitler’s ruling regime (Poliakov, 8). Background information. We will write a custom essay sample on Catholic Church’s responses to Nazi antisemitism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hatred against the Jews was prevalent in the modern era especially in the 19th and 20th century. This led to the origin of the word antisemitism which refers to the pogroms, violence and riots propelled by governments against the Jews (Falk, 10). Pogroms and violence against the Jews were initially instigated by false beliefs that the Jews were using blood from Christian children for their religious rituals. In the 19th century, the prejudice against the Jews intensified with the formation of antisemitic political parties in Germany, Austria and France. This marked the beginning of an international conspiracy against the Jews with the component of nationalism which treated Jews as disloyal and illegal citizens. In the late 19th century, a political party named as Voelkisch movement which comprised mainly of German philosophers promoted the notion that Jews were not a part of the Germandom. Eugenic theories based on racial anthropology helped to support this notion and from this pseudoscientific ideas, the Nazi party was founded in 1919. The Nazi party which was headed by Adolf Hitler helped to promote theories of racism and hatred towards the Jews which called for their removal out of Germany. In 1933, the Nazi party was elected to power and it immediately ordered for economic boycotts against the Jews with the introduction of anti-Jewish laws. In the beginning of 1935, the anti-Jewish laws called for a total separation between the Jews and the rest of the citizens thereby legalizing a hierarchy based purely on racism. In November 1938, antisemitic groups embarked on a mission to destroyed synagogues and business establishments owned by the Jews in Germany and Austria in what is now known as the Kristallnacht. This marked the beginning of an era of destruction and mass killing for the Jews. This period is known as Nazi antisemitism and it led to a holocaust which killed millions of Jews and destroyed many more (Learner, 128-134). The catholic church has in the past faced many rows over claims that it supported Hitler and the Nazis in the racial discrimination against the Jews (Doyle, 120). However, the Roman catholic has strongly denied these claims and in fact, it highly opposed such acts of hatred against the Jews. Though the church has admitted of having failed to do its best to end the war, it has evidently affirmed its opposing stand against Hitler’s regime and acts of antisemitism. This paper seeks to establish the response of the catholic church towards the Nazi antisemitism. Biblical views on antisemitism. The bible and particularly the New Testament has been singled out as having strong hostility and antagonism towards the Jews. The Gospel of John has many antisemitic phrases and episodes which refer to the Jews in a derogatory way. In John 8: 37-40 is one such phrase where Jesus was speaking to the Pharisees of how the Jews were planning to persecute Him since they did not believe in what He spoke to them about God. The book of 1 Thessalonian 2:13-15 speaks of how Churches in Judea were suffering under the hands of those people people who persecuted Jesus. It also talks about how such acts by the Jews were displeasing to God and Christians. The New Testament also adds that while on trial, a Jewish guard struck Jesus on the face for uttering ill words against the Jewish high priest (John 18: 20). Moreover, the death of Jesus preceded by brutal mockery (Matt 27: 24-39) has been entirely blamed on the Jews who mocked and persecuted Him in life and on the cross. Some theology scholars have speculated that the unnamed people who mocked Jesus while on the cross were actually Jews and they have added that though Romans were the lead executors of the prosecution and crucification of Jesus, the Jews also played a great role in the events which led to His death. The chronological events which led to the death of Jesus as stated in the New Testament led to the anti-Judaism perception held by most Christians. After the death of Jesus, the New Testament indicates that the Jewish leaders living in Jerusalem became hostile towards the followers of Jesus forcing them to stop preaching the gospel or die. Stephen who was on of the Jesus disciples was stoned to death by the Jews for going against the Jewish laws and preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ. In Acts 7: 51-58 just before his persecution, Stephen spoke to the Jews in an antisemitic way referring to them as â€Å"stiff necked, uncircumcised and opposers of the Holy Spirit. † All this instances show how the New Testament which was primarily written by the Jews who became Jesus followers contains many antisemitic passages which led to an anti-Judaism perception in the early Christian churches. The Roman Catholic Church which is one of the early churches had also had the anti-Judaism belief which has led to its association with antisemitic acts in the Nazi antisemitism. Catholic church and Nazi antisemitism. Throughout the 19th and the 20th century, the Roman Catholic Church still held on strongly to many antisemitic beliefs and the notion that the Jews led to the death of Jesus as indicated in the New Testament despite efforts to distinguish between anti-Judaism and racially instigated antisemitism. However in the early 20th century, the Catholic church made a clear distinction between good and bad antisemitism to all its followers. According to Kertzer (pp. 2-25), the bad type of antisemitism was unchristian as it advocated for hatred and racial bias against the Jews due to their background while the good type of antisemitism only served to criticize the Jewish conspiracies which sought to control all sectors of the economy in Germany for selfish wealth accumulation. At this time, many catholic bishops wrote articles criticizing such acts but when accused of being antisemitic, the bishops argued that they were strongly against any acts of hatred o r destruction plotted against the Jews. The church’s response to Nazi antisemitism. Catholic church and the Christian community as a whole strongly despised the Nazi antisemitism. Kain in his popular book entitled Europe: Versailles to War-saw explains that the Nazis acts towards the Jews greatly offended Christians and led to protests by German army chaplains to Hitler in 1937 warning him of a future war in Germany due to his ungodly acts. The opposition by the catholic church response towards the Nazi antisemitism was quite straight-forward and emphatic. Catholic clergy was one of the first people who stood firmly to declare opposition towards the Nazis despite threats of persecution. Several Christians also stood firmly to oppose the Nazi antisemitism. For instance, Stauffenberg who was a devout catholic plotted Hitler’s assassination in 1944 to depict his strong faith and opposition against the Jews’ persecutions and killings. Stauffenberg was later killed by the Nazis after the attempts to assassinate Hitler failed. The catholic church believes on the Christian view of man made in the image and likeness of God and for this reason, every human being deserves enormous dignity regardless of race, state or background. According to Macrobio a professor at the Regina Pontifical University, Pope Pius XIII who was the leader of the Roman Catholic Church during the period of Nazi antisemitism was strongly opposed to the antisemitism and eugenic theories imposed against the Jews. A decree released by the Holy office in December 1940 by the Pope clearly condemned the killings and the racial laws put forward by Hitler and the Nazi party against the Jews. The decree stated that such killings were wrong and ungodly since they went against the natural law and all the divine precepts as defined by the Holy Bible. Throughout the war, Pius XII kept on pleading privately for a stop on the continued killings on behalf of the Jews and even after the war, he still condemned the Nazi antisemitism. In 1946 when speaking to a group of delegates in Palestine, the Pope affirmed the Church’s stand on its opposition towards the persecutions carried out by Hitler and the Nazis against the Jews with no apologies. Why the church opposed Nazi antisemitism and eugenic theories. Eugenic theories are aimed at imposing discrimination to a certain group of people. For the catholic church, all men are equal in the eyes of God since humanity is not defined by neither external capabilities such as beauty nor internal characteristics such as knowledge. Every one be it a saint or a sinner is believed to be a son of God and only the father can judge whom to punish for their sins and whom to bless. Due to this fact, its wrong for the church to support the eugenic theories and antisemitic acts which seem to favor some individuals or racial groups over others. The catholic church further believes that discrimination of any kind is ungodly and unlawful regardless of whether it occurs in form of verbal racism or holocaust as in the case of the Nazi antisemitism as long as it threatens man’s dignity and the church has an ultimate responsibility to oppose it by all means. Conclusion. The Pope’s reactions towards the holocaust were quite complex but one clear indication is that the catholic church was against these antisemitism acts and it strongly condemned them (Schoenberg, 2). At times the Pope acted privately with attempts to help the Jews in their escapes out of Germany and he succeeded but on most occasions, the church just chose to remain quiet on issues surrounding the war with the aim of appealing neutral. The reason which might have led to continued silence by the Pope and the catholic church during the holocaust has been attributed to fear of Nazi reprisals, the notion that public speech would have had no significant effect on the war or the feeling that such speeches were likely to harm the Jews more. However, sources have shown that though the church did not directly support Nazi antisemitism, catholic anti-Judaism played a great role in fostering this hatred against the Jews. The false assumptions that most of the Nazis who participated in the killings and destruction of the Jews were Christians are unfounded and have no empirical evidence to support them. In conclusion, it can be said that the catholic church was strongly against the Nazi antisemitism but just like all other positions of power, there is still more that the church could have done to stop this war against the Jews. How to cite Catholic Church’s responses to Nazi antisemitism, Papers

Examining History Essay Example For Students

Examining History Essay It is imporatant to carefully examine history in order to learn from previous mistakes, and also to ensure that the same mistakes are not repeated. The Manhattan project is an excellent example. This program allowed the United States to unleash the power of the atom, thus,introducing a new and devastating element into warfare. Although they managed to come in first in the race with Germany, the U.S. bears the responsibility of having introduced the atomic bomb, and have the blood on their hands from the use of it. It is obvious that the U.S. reaped the benefits by introducing the bomb, because no one else had the chance to use it on them. However, it is imperative to realize that when they dropped the bomb they became hypocrates. They did not want it used on them, but were eager to use it on another country. Actually, the U.S. had trouble deciding who to use it on. However, when a target was selected, the results were devastating. There were 170,000 people killed in Hiroshima alone a nd in Nagasaki, estimates say, nearly 70,000 died. After the bomb was dropped, the resulting radiation killed nearly 70,000 people. The Manhattan Project and the use of the atomic bomb were unfortunate products of a scientific breakthrough and a frantic race; which resulted in a revolution in warfare. The Manhattan Project originated from the Army Corps of Engineers, this division was originally named the Manhattan District. The later name, The Manhattan Project, encompassed the district, the scientific, the governmental and the strategic aspects (4:9). In 1941 President Roosevelt and several American scientists began work on the project (1:1). The bomb was never reffered to as the atomic bomb it was referred to asa new weapon of unusual destructive force (13:74).The main hub of acivity for this project was in New Mexico, the program lasted from 1942 to 1946. The total cost was nearly 2 billion dollars (1:3). Another important aspect to this program was the secrecy invovlved. It was said that loose lips sink ships (13:37). According to Roosevelt the only people who knew about the program at its conception were Vice President Wallace, the Speaker of the House, the Democratic Leader of the Senate Mr. Barkley, and the Chairman of the Appropriations Committee for the House and Senate (11:27). As time went on it was still kept very quiet, most cabinet members and even more congressmen did not know about it (1:3). In fact, the money had to be smuggled into the War Department budget (1:3). Roosevelt eventually told Stalin about the project, he said, I casually mentioned it to Stalin that we had a new weapon of unusual destructive force. The Russian Premier showed no special interest. All he said was that he was glad to hear it and he hoped we would make good use of it against the Japanese (13:75). All of this secrecy contributed to the success of the program and the bombing of Japan. The most challenging part of this project was not smuggling the money into the budget or maintaining secrecy, it was devising a way to obtain enough Uranium and Plutonium to create the bombs (11:27). Roosevelt established a committee in October of 1939 in an attempt to locate sources of the elements. Alfred Nier began to study isotopes of Uranium, he was also the first to discover the U-235 content in natural Uranium. The next step in this process was to determine whether it was the U-235 or the U-238 isotope of Uranium that would enable them to create the bomb (4:190). Uranium contained only 1% U-235, while the other 90% of Uranium ore was composed of U-238. As luck would have it, they discovered that it was only the U-235 that could be used to create the bomb. Once these isotopes had been discovered, it was time to begin separation. There were several ways to go about this. The first was to use magnetic separation. This was made possible by Ernest O. Lawerence who invented the Cycl otron. The process occurs when a Uranium Tetrachloride mixture is electrically charged. It is then passed through a magnet on 180 degree arc (4:10). The lighter U-235 passes through and collects. The heavier U-238 would simply pass through. Yet, due to delays and flaws this process was phased out. The next method was created by General Leslie Groves. He constructed a Uranium separation plant in Tennessee. This plant used gaseous diffusion. It separated the two istopes from each other. The process requires that uranium ore be sprayed with fluorine; which in turn forms Uranium Hexafluoride gas. It is then injected through filters with fine matrices, which allowed the lighter U-235 to pass through faster. This was determined to be an excellent and very effective method of U-235 collection. The final method was quickly abandoned. It was to use a centrigue, a high speed spinning device, to separate the U-235 isotope from the U-238 isotope. Unfortunately, the race with Germany would not a llow further testing of this process, so it was thrown out(4:10).Another breakthrough occured when in 1941, Glen Seaborg discovered Plutonium. He observed that the isotope P-238 was amazingly more unstable than the isotope he had discovered. He soon realized that this isotope would be perfect for the fission reaction that was necessary to create the bomb (4:10). Enrico Fermi joined the effort and he created a reactor to aid in succesfully manufacturing a controllable chain reaction. This model quickly became prototype for five reactors that would be built. Thus, it paved the way for the creation of the Fat Man (4:10). The next vital part of creating an atomic bomb is fission. Fission is defined as the splitting of an atom. In further detail, it is a nuclear reaction which causes the atom to split into pieces of near equal mass. The approximate energy yeild is 100 million units. This is what causes the blast. (4:199) The physicists who fled Europe due to Hitler joined the United Stat es cause. They were the first to successfully split a Uranium atom. This occured in 1938 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin (4:9-10). From all of these experiments two types of bombs were created. Fat Man was an implosion bomb composed of plutonium (13:13). The second bomb created, Little Boy, was a guntype Uranium bomb (11:63). Both bombs were ready in mid July (11:174,254). Yet still more tests remained. According to Oppenheimers report, bomb material itself leathal enough for a billion deadly dosesthe weapon would give off raioactivitybomb was set to explode in the airwould deposit a large fraction of either initial radioactive material or the radioactive products in the immediate vicinity of the target; but the radiationwill of course, have an effect on exposed personnel in the target area(1:5). He went on to state that it was unpredictable as to what would happen to the radioactive material. His assumptions were: It could stay for hours in a cloud above the place of deto nation. If the bomb explodded during rain or high humidity and thus caused rain most of the active material will be brought down in the vicinity of the target area (1:5). To confirm or disprove these assumptions, they decided to test a bomb. Trinity Test Site was chosen. The time selected was four in the morning, on July 16. However, it began to rain and had to be postponed until 5:30. At around 4:45 the weather began clearing and final orders for detonation at 5:30 were given (11:194-195). When the countdown began, machines took over at minus 45 seconds (11:196). There was no turning back now, the moment of truth was soon arriving. .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 , .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 .postImageUrl , .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 , .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50:hover , .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50:visited , .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50:active { border:0!important; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50:active , .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50 .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3e0e091d33dac1cb5d01b9a160398f50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sexual harassment EssayIt is through eye witness accounts that these stories are told. Mr. Kistiakowsky stated that, All of a sudden the entire desert for miles and miles, and the mountains, about ten miles away, were lighted with an intensity the like of which one had never seen before. I was partially blinded. He continues, When my sight returned, the whole atmosphere was showered with a violet light. At that time we didnt know what was happeningand then a long time afterward, about ten minutes or so, the blast wave traveled six or seven miles and hit methrowing me to the ground (11:196). Mr. Hornig tells his account in a more emotional way, The fire ball was already b eginning to turn in the skyI was completely entranced by the spectacle. Aside from being tremendous it was the most aesthetically beautiful thing I have ever seen. Tremendous billows and colors would unfold from the interior of the cloud. It would darken in places and open in a new burst of luminous gas that came to the surfaceI just stood there completely captured (11:197). The final account comes from Mr. Oppenheimer, it is rather sentimental, We waited until the last had passed, walked out of the shelter and then it was extremely solemn. We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried. Most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture. The Baga Gita: Vinshu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty an to impress him he takes his multi-armed form and says,Now I am become death, destroyer of worlds.. I suppose we all thought that one way or another. There was a great deal of solemn talk that this was the end of the great wars of the century (11:197). Perhaps it is better to invision it this way, through someones eyes, the devastaion and power suddenly becomes real. The final step in this process is to use the bomb. Selecting a target was not an easy ordeal. As is common, a committee was formed. It was composed of Groves, Army and Air Force men, Gen. Lauris Norstad, and scientists such as John Von Neumann. The new outlook on war was to kill as many civilians as possible. They decided that they would choose large urban areas that were not less than three miles in diameter. On April 27, four cities were named: Hiroshima, Yawata, Yokohama and Tokyo (1:4). There were seventeen other possible cities, among them were, Kawasaki, Tokyo Bay, Kyoto, and Nagasaki (1:5). Although, the original target had been Germany, but Roosevelt and Churchill had decided it would be more effective if used on Japan (1:2). During the third meeting, itwas decided that the three targets should be Hiroshima, Kyoto, and Nugata(1:5). However, upon further consideration, Kyoto was spared due to the relics that are held in that city (1:9). At the last meeting the final cities wer e chosen. THey were Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Neither city was purely military and were bombed mainly due to population and projected effect. Truman never doubted whether the bomb would be used or not (1:3). There was so much bureaucratic force driving this operation that it was never questioned. The first bomb was dropped on August 6, 1945 by the Enola Gay. Hiroshima was the unfortunate recipient (7:71), the death toll totaled around 200,000. The second bombing, which from nearly all evidence seems to be unjustified, occured August 9, 1945 at 11:00 a.m. Nagasaki was the target this time (3:1). The bomb missed the target though, only 70,000 were killed this time. The cable that Truman received from Stimson read, Operated this morning. Diagnosis not yet complete, but results seem satisfactory (13:73). There were many alternatives that could have been used, but werent and the result was thousands dead. It was a brutal, almost unjustifiable occurance. The blood is on American hands and cannot be washed off. Not only were nearly 300,000 civialians murdered, a lasting impact was made on the world and our reputaion. America bega n the atomic age and is still paying the price for it today, everyday. New advances in technology have made weapons of mass destruction easily obtainable, and by the wrong people. If America had refused to allow the bomb to be developed, the world would be a much different place, and a much better place. It was a frantic race with Germany, and American lives had to be saved. The rest of the world was an afterthought. War continues, and so does the struggle. The blood and burden is on American hands forever. Words/ Pages : 2,217 / 24

Microbiology Essay Example For Students

Microbiology Essay man came into the emergencyward at one oclock. His thumb came in an hour later. The surgeons job: get them back together. The successful re-attaching offingers to hand requires long hours of painstaking work in microsurgery. In the operating room , the surgeon doesnt stand, butsits in a chair that supports her body. Her arm is cradled by a pillow. Scalpels are present as are other standard surgical tools,but the suture threads are almost invisible, the needle thinner than a human hair. And all the surgical activity revolves around themost important instument, the microscope. The surgeon will spend the next few hours looking through the microscope at brokenblood vessels and nerves and sewing them back together again. The needles are so thin that they have to be held withneedlenosed jewellers forceps and will sew together nerves that are as wide as the thickness of a penny. To make such a stitch,the surgeons hands will move no more than the width of the folded side of a piece of paper seen end on! Imagine trying to sewtwo pieces of spaghetti together and youll have some idea of what microsurgery involves. Twenty-five years ago, this mansthumb would have been lost. But in the 1960s, surgeons began using microscopes to sew what previously had been almostinvisible blood vessels and nerves in limbs. Their sewing technique had been developed on large blood vessels over a halfcentury earlier but could not be used in microsurgery until the needles and sutures became small enough. The surgical technique,still widely used today, had taken the frustrating unreliability out of sewing slippery, round-ended blood vessels by ingeniouslyturning them into triangles. To do this, a cut end of a blood vessel was stitched at three equidistant points and pulled slightlyapart to give an anchored, triangular shape. This now lent itself to easier, more dependable stitching and paved the way formicrosurgery where as many as twenty stitches will have to be made in a blood vessel three mil limetres thick. The needle usedfor this can be just 70 millimetres wide, only ten times the width of a human blood cell. All this technology is focused on gettingbody parts back together again successfully. The more blood vessels reattached, the better the survival chances for a toe or afinger. The finer the nerve resection, the better the feeling in a damaged part of the face, or control in a previously useless arm. Twenty-five years ago, this mans thumb would have been lost. But in the 1960s, surgeons began using microscopes to sew what previously had been almost invisible blood vessels and nerves in limbs. Their sewing technique had been developed on large blood vessels over a half century earlier but could not be used in microsurgery until the needles and sutures became small enough. The surgical technique, still widely used today, had taken the frustrating unreliability out of sewing slippery, round-ended blood vessels by ingeniously turning them into triangles. To do this, a cut end of a blood vessel was stitched at three equidistant points and pulled slightly apart to give an anchored, triangular shape. This now lent itself to easier, more dependable stitching and paved the way for microsurgery where as many as twenty stitches will have to be made in a blood vessel three millimetres thick. The needle used for this can be just 70 millimetres wide, only ten times the width of a human blood cell. All this technology is focused on getting body parts back together again successfully. The more blood vessels reattached, the better the survival chances for a toe or a finger. The finer the nerve resection, the better the feeling in a damaged part of the face, or control in a previously useless arm. But the wounded and severed body part must be treated carefully. If a small part of the body, such as a finger is cut off, instead of torn, wrapped in a clean covering, put on ice and then reattached within a few hours, the chance of success is over ninety percent, as long as one good artery and one good vein can be reattached. Not only is micro surgery allowing body parts to be reattached, its also allowing them to be reshuffled. Before 1969, nothing could be done for you if youd had your thumb smashed beyond repair. But in the past 14 years, you would have been in luck, if your feet were intact. Every year in North America, hundreds of big toes are removed from feet and grafted onto hands. Sometimes tendons are shifted from less important neighbouring fingers to allow the thumb to work better in its unique role of opposing the other fingers and allowing us to grip. While we in North America can live without our big toes and never really miss them, people in Japan cant. They need their big toes to keep the common footwear, the clog, on their feet. So their second toe is taken instead. Farmers, labourers car accident victims and home handymen are the people most often helped by microsurgery replants. And because blood vessels are being reattached, burn victims can now benefit. Flaps of their healthy skin are laboriously reattached more successfully, blood vessel by blood vessel, to increase chances that the graft will take. Some women, whose diseased Fallopian tubes have become blocked, can have them reopened microsurgically. Origins and Bibliography of the Big Bang Theory Essay When a cancerous esophagus must be removed, it can be replaced using a section of the persons own bowel. These people can then lead a more normal life, using their mouth to eat with instead of inserting food though a feeding tube in their stomach. Doctors have .