Contemporary Brand management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Contemporary Brand management - Essay Example In this paper, the concepts of branding and its relation to the brand NIVEA have been discussed. The paper comprises of theoretical concepts of brand positioning and brand analysis related to NIVEA brand. The concept of ethics and branding of NIVEA have also been included. Finally, the ways of improvement of brand management has been recommended in the paper. 2.0 Brand Brand is regarded as a trademark that distinguishes itself from other brands or products. The visual uniqueness of a brand is the combination of several features such as name, symbols, letters, shape, slogan, signature, colour and others. Name is considered as the most vital element of brand. The name of the brand cannot change frequently but other elements can be changed in due course of time. There is an important reason to change the name of products or services. It is generally conducted to expand the brand appeal in new markets where the original name may not act as advantageous or considered as standardised in th e ‘international trademark portfolio’ of the company. Brand may generate higher revenue that may have an influence on the overall performance of the business (Interbrand, 2004). Product is considered as a thing that can be bought or used, but brand is the promise related to certain things i.e. intangible. It may be guarantee of quality, heritage, prestige and others. A company when enters a new market, might launch new products, but they are totally depended on their existing brand for success (Davis & Baldwin, 2006). Brand is considered as the image related to products or services that can be developed in the mind of the consumers. On the other hand, company image relates to prospective customers, valued customers, lost customers and group of people associated with the company (Scribd, 2011). NIVEA is one of the international skin care companies and family owned brands by Beiersdorf. The brand is targeted in satisfying the need of the consumers. Their products range fr om female face as well as body products to shaving gel, sun care lines and deodorants for men (Keller, n.d.). The market of the brand is segmented based on the fulfilment of consumer’s needs. Segmentation is done in two ways: one relates to include consumer with identical tastes or needs and the other, consumers are highly content by products so as to meet the needs. The NIVEA brand introduced three product segments, i.e. protection, after sun and self tan. There are various products that come under this segment (Scribd, 2011). The women were the major target market of NIVEA, especially the upper section of the society. They are delighted with the products of NIVEA that involve both care and to beautify the skin. However, nowadays their products range from women towards men care products (Slideshare, 2011). There are several competitors of NIVEA that include L’Oreal, Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Estee Launder Cos, Avon Products and Johnson & Johnson among others (Adbran ds.net, 2011). The cream of NIVEA has become the primary product of their business and it is indicating their brand name as well. Besides NIVEA cream, other related products such as sun care products, body soap, powder, tanning lotion and oil also become the major products of the brand. The cream has received brand identity as a ‘caretaker’ of skin (Keller, n.d.). In order to be more competitive the executive at Beiersdorf’

McDonalds Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Research Paper

McDonalds Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability - Research Paper Example The company provides food for the public and tries to fulfill this service in an ethical way that takes socially and environmentally friendly approaches. The firm’s core values are to provide nutritional wellbeing, environmental responsibility, create a sustainable food supply chain, provide employment and contribute positively to the community. The main aim from each of these values is to provide quality services at each stage of production. The company provides fresh food, using ethical means and productive partnerships (â€Å"Social Responsibility†). The company has also provided employment for individuals in 117 countries in the world. This reduces the unemployment rate and improves people’s living conditions in the community. The company’s menu caters for approximately 1,900 customers in different restaurants across the country (â€Å"Social Responsibility†). McDonalds is one of the most successful businesses in the world. It is the most popular foodservice provider in the world and has one of the highest returns on the stock market (Singh). The company has a good reputation and tries to maintain this by listening to the customer’s needs and catering for them in every way possible. The company is committed to the community and the customers and puts their needs first. Each year the company aims to enhance its sustainability efforts. The stakeholders in the company implement the best possible strategies, with the aim of finding new opportunities and setting new targets to advance and improve the company. The company has implemented numerous sustainability programs and policies. The company has tried to work together with partners at different stages of food production to improve the conditions of the employees. In 2007 Mc Donald’s set a goal and implemented measures to improve the working conditions of employees in the Florida Tomato industry. The company only

On September 11th 2001 the world was forever changed Essay Example for Free

On September 11th 2001 the world was forever changed Essay On September 11th 2001 the world was forever changed. The horrific events, which occurred at the World Trade Centers in New York, the Pentagon in Washington and on Flight 93, which crashed in Pennsylvania, have forever altered the way Americans view their safety. Every household in the U.S. tuned in to the news on TV, radio, or Internet to see how the world was being twisted in front of their eyes. These events dramatically proved that the United States, the greatest nation in the world, was no longer safe from outside threats. . The stock market crash of 1929, which led to the depression, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and the terrorist attacks of September 11th were all unexpected events that no one could have predicted but had such dramatic effects that they can never be forgotten. All three events seem to be categorized together for a few simple reasons. To the average American citizen these horrendous events were unforeseen, but noted historians would beg to differ. They believe in such instances as Pearl Harbor, The stock market crash of 1929, and September 11th, that the government and many political figures were forewarned. If they had taken their admonitions more seriously and acted upon them, historians believe that they could have at least made the consequent effects minimal. There were several proceedings that should have elicited American retaliation. It is said that Bin laden himself declared war on America in 1996. In the early 90s, The World Trade Center was car bombed, and Osama Bin Laden was the primary suspect for this assault. Even after that incident no one saw Bin laden as a serious threat and didnt think his dangerous ways could jeopardize our countries well being as a whole. After the attack of September 11th it seems the unification of the American people became so strong its virtually indissoluble. Our previously fragile society became a link so strong we believe it cant be touched by the outside perils of the world. The rise in Nationalism came about in a wave of red white and blue colors. It seemed every face in America was painted with the stars and stripes of our grand old flag. Our countries banner was now the latest fashion; closets were overflowing with the celebrated colors of our patriotic nation. Every news station put American flags on their lapels, and waving red, white and blue graphics were put on most channels. Many well-known Hollywood figures and successful businesses put together charities benefiting the victims and families affected by September 11. September 11 mended our nations pride and restored our dignity. Such a strong sense of nationalism can easily be compared to that of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, when East and West Germany celebrated their reunion as one, after being isolated for so long. Subsequent to September 11, the United States faced many abrupt transformations as far as pastimes, lifestyles, and entertainment goes. There were a few noticeable differences from the changes following WWII, to those of September 11th. For example, Baseball, the great American pastime was brought to a standstill after September 11, where as Roosevelt motivated people to go to baseball games, and had baseball play a part in the healing of the country. Another difference from 9-11 was that after Pearl Harbor, and the crash of 1929, there were severe cut backs and limitations on how much of certain commodities, such as gasoline and sugar, the average American could use. The difference now is that we are currently at war with the oil capitals of the world. The gas prices are booming and dont appear to be coming down any time soon; however, this does not stop the typical egotistic American from buying a brand new fuel consuming SUV. Racism is another topic that has been significantly affected by September 11th .In WWII we knew who the enemy was, it was strictly the Japanese and Germans, however, now its a pin the tail on the donkey1 mentality. After Pearl Harbor many Japanese men were put into internment camps to be interrogated for information and kept there, that did not happen after 9-11 however, many Arabs were questioned and racial profiling became a major issue. There was also a great deal of hate crimes aimed at the Arab race and people who had the visual characteristics of the middle-eastern inhabitants. The U.S. was unsure of which persons were solely responsible for the crimes, therefore no individual has the right to go pointing their fingers at any particular group, But the stereotyping and profiling still persists. . Exactly one year after Pearl Harbor the stock market had climbed up to almost where it was before (within 10%) now we are suffering a recession because of 9-11. Another fact is that before Pearl Harbor, the country was just coming out the depression and wasnt even fully out. The war effort boosted production. 9-11 happened right when the US was at its prime in the economy and the attack destroyed industry and commercial enterprises. Also the government suspended a monopoly trial against GE so that it would not hurt the war effort. After 9-11 the government focused on companies such as Enron and WorldCom. Noticeably there are numerous features of September 11th that could be considered. However, It would be virtually impossible to cover all the aspects and phases of such an important date. September 11th, 2001 was a horribly significant date in not only American history but in world history as well. It brought back horrific memories of such instances as The Bombing of Pearl harbor and can even be compared to the hardships and struggles of The Stock Market Crash of 1929. As a result, the American people came together as one in a battle we like to call the war on terrorism 2. It is obvious this war may be infinite but it is worth the struggle, just knowing, in the future we may perhaps avoid such devastating events. As James Baldwin once wrote A country is only as strong as the people who make it up and the country turns into what the people want it to becomewe made the world were living in and we have to make it over. 3 I think we should all recollect on the events step by step of September 11th, and take into mind, the advice that Baldwin has given us. Someday our country can completely overcome all of its vulnerability and end any chances of a date like this form reoccurring. Bibliography: www.time.com/archives/911 www.encarta.com/911 www.bostonherald.com/911/media www.bostonherald.com/911/race www.american-history.com/history/september11.mgi www.alternet.org/story.html ENDNOTES: 1. Lauren mills, a noted historian currently attending B.H.S. September 15th 2002. 2. George W. Bush Jr., AlterNet: One Year Later: Unintended Consequences of 9/11 and the war on terrorism. War against Iraq pg 3 3. James Baldwin, AlterNet: Before and After Septemeber11 True courage pg. 5

Construction Of Automatic Voltage Regulator

Construction Of Automatic Voltage Regulator 1. Introduction Automatic voltage regulation is a process of converting the alternating voltage into a steady voltage. The device that is used to perform this process is known as an automatic voltage regulator(UST,2007,p1). An automatic voltage regulator is an electronic equipment that is used and designed to maintain the constant voltage level. This device prevent malfunctioning and damaging of the electrical equipment . Automatic voltage regulator uses electromechanical and electronic components of various types and designs. Automatic voltage regulator may include negative feedback control loops. The feedback voltage regulator operates by making comparison between the output voltage and input voltage.Electromechanical mechanism or electronic components are used in automatic voltage regulations. It can be used to regulate one or more AC (alternating current ) to DC voltage (direct current ).There are vast varieties of automatic voltage regulators depending on their types and size. 2. Construction of automatic voltage regulator The electronic voltage regulator is made in two different combinations i.e shunt and series regulator. In the shunt regulator, resistor is attached in parallel. In series regulator, resistance is attached in series. The diagrams below illustrate examples of series and shunt regulators. 2.1. Shunt Regulator It is not highly used for various applications. The current is drawn through the series resistor in order to maintain the constant level of voltage.Some current is passed through the load while the remaining current is passed through the shunt voltage regulator. These regulators are inefficient and are not widely used (Radio electronics,n.d,p1). 2.2. Series regulator The series regulators operate by using a variable element in series with the load. Due to this mechanism, the series voltage regulator provides an extremely efficient form of voltage regulation with the linear power supply (Radio electronics,n.d,p1). 3. Device which use Automatic Voltage Regulator Automatic voltage regulator is mostly used in computer power supplies in which DC voltage is stabilized. It is also used in automobile alternators and in central power station generation plants where automatic voltage regulators controls the output of the plant .In case of electric power distribution systems voltage regulators are installed at substations or along distribution lines so that all the users can receive constant and steady voltage . These regulators are also used in kitchens and in refrigerators(Meiji,n.d,p1). 4. Types of regulation The regulation is commonly calculated as constant. However, the regulation has been specified by two measurements (Robinson,2012,p1). 4.1. Load regulation: Load regulation is defined as the change in output voltage of a voltage regulator for a given change in the load current. 4.2. Line Regulation Line regulation is the degree or amount to which an output voltage which changes with an input voltage. 5. Working of Automatic Voltage regulators 5.1. Basics An automatic voltage regulator is a device that is housed inside an electronic device. It is primarily used to maintain a consistent voltage level. It can regulate alternating as well as direct current. 5.2. How it works It works by estimating the output level of the voltage of the devices against the reference voltage inside the device. They normally take a specific range of the voltage levels and produce an output voltage of a narrow range. (ehow,2012,p1). The diagram below clearly illustrates this phenomenon. It shows a voltage regulator that takes an input voltage ranging from +10% to -25% and converts it into the regulated range of +3% to -3%. C:Documents and Settingskirmani babloDesktopnew.bmp Figure 🙠 Voltage Regulator) 6. Operations of Automatic Voltage Regulators Automatic voltage regulator is designed for both single and three phase alternating current applications. The phase and phase regulation has been classified into two types .The single phase voltage regulation is the best method as it provides balance phase to phase voltage level .In case of three phase regulation, large difference in voltage level causes failure of electronic and electric devices due to overheating and vibration. 6.1. Single Phase regulation The single phase regulators are used in units pole that are mounted outdoors .Single phase voltage regulators are combined together and they provide voltage regulation for three phase .The below mention figure is an example of single phase regulation. 6.2. Three Phase regulation Three phase regulator can regulate all three phases at once or it may regulate all the three phases independently .In three phase power, it has not been observed that one phase has very high voltage while other has low voltage .The below figure is an example of three phase regulation. 7. Different types of Automatic Voltage Regulator On the basis of size and design the automatic voltage regulator exists in different varieties some are mention below: The Ferroresonant Transformer (Type) Voltage Regulator The Mechanical (Type) Voltage Regulator The Electronic (Type) Voltage Regulator 8. The Ferro resonant Transformer (Type) Voltage Regulator This type of voltage regulator has been invented by Joseph Sola in the year of 1983.The change in design of ferroresonant is very minor .This type of regulators are extremely reliable in use. Presently, they are being replaced with the voltage regulators. 8.1 Operation of Ferro resonant transformer It operates on the principle of ferroresonance. It is based on the operation of transformer in the region of magnetic saturation. During this stage, high changes in the winding current leads to minor changes in magnetic flux. The winding current is proportional to the input voltage and magnetic flux is proportional to output voltage(UST,2007,p1). This shows that the purpose of automatic voltage regulator is being fulfilled by this method. The graph below exhibits the respective pattern. 8.1. Different types of Ferro resonant transformer The Ferro transformer voltage regulator is also known by various names. These names are Constant voltage transformer, Constant voltage regulator, Ferro resonant voltage regulator,Ferro resonant transformer,Ferro and CVT. 8.2. Properties of Ferro resonant Transformer (Type) Voltage Regulator Their sizes range from 30VA to 25KA. The input voltage in these regulators range from +10% to -20%. The voltage regulation in the output ranges from +1% to 3%. It has a single phase application only. It has the tendency of stepping up and down the level of voltage. The cooling media of such regulators is air. It is mostly located indoors and has as efficiency of almost 92%. 8.3. Discussion This type of regulator provides complete isolation of load equipment from line noise and surges. The output voltage regulation is very smooth .This type of regulators are very efficient and durable .The design of this type of regulator limits the amount of current to the load end. The electronic devices can be easily protected if ferroresonant voltage regulator is used in these devices. 9. The Mechanical (Type) Voltage Regulator The mechanical type voltage regulator has been used in the market since 50 years .This type of voltage regulator exits in different variety of design .The electronic devices which use this type of regulator have an outstanding ability of correcting voltage drop in distribution lines. Mechanical type voltage regulator uses two methods of operation. The first one is changing turns ratio and the second method is by changing the magnetic induction between primary and secondary coils of the transformer. 9.1 Operations of Mechanical Voltage Regulator There are various operations that occur inside mechanical voltage regulators. These processes include 9.2. Tap Changing Voltage Regulator Operation Tap changing is a process in which a transformer has equal number of the winding turns on the primary as well as the secondary side .The voltage at input side is equal to the voltage at output side. The changing of number of turns on the secondary side can result in changing the voltage. The ratio of the turns can be easily altered by changing the location of the physical connection as well (UST,2007,p1). The mechanical tap changing voltage regulator uses some kinds of motorized drive system to change the taps on the output of transformer . 9.3.Magnetic Induction Voltage Regulator Operation The output voltage in a transformer can be changed by making the physical change of primary turn and secondary turns relative to each other .The primary side of transformer generates a magnetic flux which induces current to flow in the secondary windings(UST,2007,p1) . Physically rearrangement of the turn of secondary within the flux field can change the amount of current induced and output voltage. This type of voltage regulator changes the orientation of the transformer secondary side with respect to the magnetic filed .The magnetic induction voltage regulator is similar to the motor which have the primary windings in a cylindrical stationary configuration just like stator and the output windings which are called as rotor . 9.4. Different names of mechanical voltage regulator The various names of mechanical voltage regulator are Mechanical tap changing regulator,Tap changer, Motorized variable transformer, Motor-driven variable autotransformer, Auto-boost regulator, Electromechanical voltage stabilizer, Step voltage regulator,On load tap changer, Motorized variac and Line drop compensator. 9.5. Mechanical Voltage Regulator Characteristics The power quality automatic voltage regulators are of tap switch or magnetic induction types. Their size varies from 1 to 1500 KVA. The nominal voltages are less than 600 volts. The input voltage range varies from +20% to _20%. The regulated output voltage is between 1% to 3%. It has single phase as well as three phase applications. They possess the ability of stepping up and down the voltage. They require air as the cooling media. They are located indoors as well as outdoors. Their efficiency is greater than 95%. The utility automatic voltage regulators are of tap switch type. Their size varies from 500 to 3500 KVA. They have nominal voltages up to 34.5 KV. The input voltage range is between +10% to _10%. The regulated output voltage is between the range of 0.6% to 2.5%. It can operate on single as well as three phases. They require oil as the cooling media. They are located outdoors. Their efficiency is greater than 95%. 9.6. Discussion It provides very accurate output voltage regulation. It provides wide choice of kVA rating, voltage and configuration. It can be easily applicable to outdoor applications. It has high tolerance to system faults and overload. It has high tolerance to power factor and frequency deviations. It has good line isolation. It is relatively inexpensive. The mechanical drive components, brushes and contactors needs regular maintenance and replacement (UST,2007,p1).The overloads can damage brushes. The speed of voltage correction might be not fast enough for electronic loads. 10. The Electronic (Type) Voltage Regulator Electronic voltage regulator has been used in industries and for various commercial applications because of its speed and extraordinary performance. The demand of electronic voltage regulator is greater as compare to mechanical voltage regulator. 10.1 Operations of electronic voltage regulator The operations of electronic voltage regulator are based on the principle of double conversion electronic voltage. 10.2. Double Conversion Electronic Voltage Regulator Operation The double conversion electronic voltage converts AC power supply to DC with the help of rectifier .The voltage regulation is done in two ways. The first method is to regulate DC voltage output from the rectifier. It is an economical method .The second method is to supply inverter with constant DC voltage and set the voltage level during converting back to alternating current in the inverter(UST,2007,p1) .The double conversion voltage regulators have a low tolerance to high load currents mostly above than normal rating of the unit. 10.3. Electronic Voltage Regulator Characteristics Electronic voltage regulators are basically design for indoor, low voltage applications . 10.4. Double Conversion Electronic Voltage Regulators Their sizes range from 3KVA to 400 KVA. The input voltage ranges from +10% to _25 % for the tap switchers and +10% to _15 % for UPS. The regulated output voltage is between the range of +/-1% to +/-5%. It can operate on single and three phase as well. It can easily regulate voltage up and down. The cooling media required for double conversion electronic voltage regulators is air. They are generally located indoors and have efficiency up to 95 percent. Size (kVA): 3 VA up to400 kVA Nominal Voltages: Common AC voltages 120, 208, 240 480 at 60 Hz Input Voltage Range: +10% to -25% for tap switchers and+10% to -15% for UPS (varies by manufacturer) Output Regulation: +/-1% to +/-5% Phase: Single and three phase Voltage Step Up/Down: Yes Cooling Media: Air Location: Indoor Efficiency: Up to 95 10.4. Discussion The output voltage regulation is very good. It possesses ultrafast voltage correction speed. It offers no restrictions on the number of correction cycles. It gives versatility in kVA rating, voltage and configuration. It needs very low or no regular maintenance. It has good line isolation. It has poor current overload capacity. It is more expensive than mechanical voltage regulators. 11. Conclusion The automatic voltage regulators are becoming of increase significance due to variety of reasons. They are extremely essential for maintaining the utility level of the voltage. They can drop the voltage due to their ability of voltage regulation. They are highly sensitive to voltage levels and they prevent any kind of fluctuations , thus help in ensuring that equipments do not suffer any kind of damage. The use of voltage regulators avoids and reduces the risks of overheating of equipments as well. The use of voltage regulators is constantly increasing with the passage of time.

Essays --

Deontology and Utilitarianism in the Accounting Profession The American Association of Public Accountants first implemented ethical rules in 1905. Since then, accounting ethics has been heavily scrutinized. It has been said "that the relationship between personal values, codes of conduct and decisions to engage in financial misrepresentation are 'weak at best'" (Douglas, Davidson, & Schwartz, 2001), p. 101). It is essential for Accountants to make ethical decisions. In order to promote ethical decision making, it is vital that profession develop a strong ethical environment. The purpose of this paper is to look at two of the main ethical theories as they relate to the accounting profession. Specifically this paper will give a detailed description of utilitarianism and deontology. The organizational culture and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants code of professional conduct will then be looked at from the context of the two ethical theories. Finally, I will present the ethics system I believe is most appropriate f or the accounting profession.†¨ 1.0 Utilitarianism The term utilitarianism, as defined in this paper, is not a psychological theory that is based on what is. Instead, it is an ethical theory based on what should to be. Utilitarianism, also called universalistic hedonism, should not be confused with "Egoism or Egoistic Hedonism (which states the agent's [individual's] own happiness as the ultimate end of his actions" (Sidgwick, 2000, p. 254). Instead, utilitarianism is an ethical theory that advocates the idea that the happiness of some must, at times, be forfeited for the benefit of the larger quantity of people. This theory suggests that proper behavior seeks to maximize happiness for the... ...eads to the perverse result that under certain circumstances a lie, for example, might be morally right if the individual contemplating the lie felt no compunction about lying and morally wrong only if the individual felt such a compunction" (Kelman, 1981, p. 34). As mentioned earlier, the accounting profession is working hard to regain the public's trust. This is because at some point the profession as a whole assumed the utilitarian based concept that ...the purpose, nature, and responsibility of business are to maximize profit or shareholder value. To the extent that an accounting firm is a business, it falls under the profit-maximizing rubric. But when an accounting firm sees itself primarily as a business, making a profit overrides its main function of attesting to the truth and correctness of financial statements. (Duska, Duska, Ragatz, 2011,p. 170)

Reason Why Elections Are Less Democratic :: essays research papers

Reason Why Elections Are Less Democratic The reason why elections are less democratic is because some people say that money is taking away from our well known democracy, but in other instances we have the greatest democracy compared to other countries of our vast magnitude. Throughout the nineteenth century campaigns were ran and geared toward the party. Instead of voting for a person you were voting for an individual party either federalist or democratic-republican. Today, in the twentieth century, we vote for the candidate and their true character or what they have to offer us. To run a successful campaign now-a-days you need money, a good pollster, well organized debate, direct mail, and positive publicity. â€Å"Money is the mother's milk of politics† if you don't have you aren't going to go any where. Campaign money is received part from federal and part from private donors in a presidential election, but congressional elections are all private donors. Most of the money for a congressional leader comes from individual donors, but they also have political action committees (interest groups) that raise money for their campaign. Presidential candidates also raise money from individual donors because the federal government will match them dollar for dollar. Reform has been successful in the fact that it minimizes some fat cat buying his or her own pet politician, but it also takes away from the parties, provides an advantage to wealthy challengers, gives advantages to candidates with high ideological appeal, penalizes those who start late in the campaign, and helps incumbents and hurts challengers. The Democratic Party has more registered voters so logically the democrats should win. The reasons why they don't always win is because those who are democrats are not firmly stuck with their party like republicans are, republicans also do better with the independent voters, and more republicans actually come out and vote than democrats. Realigning elections are also known as critical elections. It happens when a major party suffers such a defeat (because of a major issue that comes about and separates the party) that it disappears or it is the shifting of voters between major parties. There has been three major realigning elections: 1860, 1896, and 1932. In 1860 it was the slavery issue, in 1896 it dealt with economic issues, and in 1932 it occurred because of an economic depression. Some people say we are getting ready to have one because of the effects of the New Deal, but others say it won't happen again because party labels have lost their meaning. For any given party to win an election you must retain your old voters, but

The theme of the novel Russlander (By Sandra Birdsell) :: essays research papers

The October revolution of 1917 in Russia was a turning point that defined Russia as a nation. It was one of the most dramatic events in the history of the Russia that had completely changed the lives of the people at that time. The Russlander by Sandra Birdsell describes the live of a girl who was raised on a wealthy Mennonite estate. It seemed like her parents were ignoring all the troubles in the outside world, living a happy life together. But nothing lasts forever, and their happiness ended with the start of the revolution. At that time Katya was only 16 years old. Just like many people at that time she lost her family and friends, who were killed by the Bolsheviks. The conflict with the new leaders of the country started when her father refused to pay taxes and support his country, and ended with this horrible tragedy. Katya had lost everything that her family owned and was forced to move to another country, where she had to start a new life from scratch. Even though she had relatives living in Canada, it was not an easy task. Just like other immigrants to Canada, she had to face many difficulties, like the learning of the new language, and adapting to the new lifestyle. Many years later, she came back to her homeland to visit the places she grew up in. After more than fifty years she still remembered the tragedy that suddenly ended the happy life of her family. People should value other things, besides money and their estate. Everyone should show more love and attention to the members of their family, because nothing can be compared to the importance of the family to any person in the world. It is unfortunate that in many cases, people realize how important their family is after they lose one or more of their relatives.

Disc Brake System: How Does It Work Essay

Brake system is a device that creates frictions to slow down and eventually to stop the movement of an object. There are a few different types of brakes; however, they are all built on the same principle of friction. In automotive, the most common type of brake today is the disc brake because it provides higher efficiency and more safety to users. Disc brake consists of brake fluid, a piston, a caliper, brake pads, a rotor, and a hub. The following is a basic description of a disc brake’s mechanism. 1.When the brake pedal is pressed, the brake fluid is forced to enter the caliper cylinder where the piston is sitting in. In turn, that fluid pushes the piston, which is attached with a brake pad on the other end, toward the rotor. 2.Once the brake pad is in contact with the rotor, the caliper contracts to bring the other brake pad to contact with the other side of the rotor as well. The pushing of both brake pads against the rotor generates a friction force that will slow the rotation of the rotor and eventually bring it to a stop. 3. Because the wheel attaches to the hub and the hub attaches to the rotor, thus, when the rotor is slowed down, the wheel is also slowed down. 4.Meanwhile, the friction between the tire and the surface of the road also acts to slow the rotation of the wheel. Disc brake can generate a significant amount of friction. This is why its main applications usually involve movement with great velocity such as cars and aircraft. Because disc brake does require more maintenance than other simpler brake and because brake is directly related to your safety when driving, it is recommended to have your brakes checked regularly by a licensed brake technician/specialist.

H&M Apparel Chains

Apart from Spain’s Zara, the Swedish retailer Hennes & Mauritz (H&M) differentiates itself from most apparel chains for its idiom â€Å"treat fashion as if it were perishable produce. † In Europe, H&M is considered to be an industry leader because it offers the â€Å"on-trend† look at an extremely lower price. In 2000, it decided to begin to establish a predatory marketing strategy of expansion within the US. The strengths of H&M are that it is a well-known company worldwide; it responds quickly to trends, particularly in its similarities to haute couture and the catwalk within a turnaround cycle speed of 3 weeks; and it is recognized for its incredibly low prices on trendy, seasonal apparel. The weaknesses of H&M are that it is relatively unknown in the States; it has yet to distinguish and set itself apart from inexpensive American apparel chains; and its goods are not high-quality. Primary Problem: Flawed Marketing Research The absence of a definitive marketing strategy is of primary concern. With benefit of hindsight, some deficiencies in H&M’s research design merited attention. It was geared towards the simple idea of expansion rather than establishing genuine market presence. Because it tried to expand too quickly, it imprudently purchased outlets too big and in poor locations, instead of building up its presence more slowly and carefully. H&M believed no competition could ever be more on-trend and more fashionable than they. However, H&M showed the fallacy of attempting growth beyond immediate capabilities in a growth-at-any-cost mindset. The rationale for embracing great growth is that it needed to run with the ball if it were to ever get that rare opportunity to suddenly double or triple sales. But there are times when a slower, more controlled growth is prudent. Secondary Problem: External Factors Apparently, it did not learn from Benetton’s past mistakes. For example, it too had tried to establish a strong presence in the US and had failed. Similarly, The Gap, a US company, also tried to further expand but choked because of the numerous retailers with their offshore resources being able to knock off current fashions much more quickly and competing favorably. Discount stores, such as Wal-Mart and Target, have big boxes in the suburbs also with offshore facilities enabling them to offer current fashion at low prices. This means that even if H&M is first to introduce the fashions, within weeks the competition could offer similar merchandise. In addition to obvious competitors, H&M did not underscore or create enough attention to its prospective customers of its distinguishing characteristics. Certainly, it recognized the importance of the dyadic relationship by hiring salespeople with similar characteristics to their customers. But it still was not effective in communicating its formula. Recommended Solutions 1. Instead of just wholly owned subsidiaries, H&M could enter into a joint venture with an American department store to at least build some presence and recognition. Licensing is a fairly low-risk method for entering into a joint venture. An example of this sort of arrangement would be what Guess has with Macy’s stores. Although H&M may have given up most of the profits, this would be a prudent manner in expanding its recognition throughout the US. H&M should still own and operate facilities in the US where it is more urban and less surrounded by discount stores. . The symbolic value of H&M needs to be underscored either through an advertisement campaign or celebrity endorsements. Although celebrities demand big bucks, the endorsements are worth the price if done in moderation and with the best of the best. Obviously, H&M recognized this in 2007 when it contracted with Madonna to do commercials and magazine advertisements. Of course, the effectiveness of these methods is difficult to measure but as long as the communication is remembered, recognized, or recalled, this will instill further presence in H&M’s goal of expansion.

Groupthink and Risky Shift Phenomenon Essay

Groupthink phenomenon continues to exist and influence in a group decision making. This is especially happen when group cohesiveness is high and there is an absence of open communication. However, understanding the theory would enable us to recognize the factors that may affect the quality of decisions we made in the group. Risky-shift on the other hand, exists as a form of motivation with a perspective of a shared responsibility of taking the risky decision. It is generally accepted that this risky-shift influence by cultural value in which individual is motivated to choose the riskier alternative to increase group or society status. Understanding risky-shift enables us to reduce the magnitude of pressure of which the risk has to bring as imbedded in every decision made during uncertainties. In addition, group interaction is very important in the process of decision-making whereby individual opinion and ideas is valued. It is also in this way that individual will learn to stand his position in certain decision-making procedure. It maybe be difficult and challenging since individual will share different ideas and inputs, exchange opinions and contrary views, yet in the process develop alternatives to the solution in problem solving which reflects a good group decision-making. Overall, these sociological phenomenon and perspective allow us to identify attributes that may control and limit the development of best alternative in solving problem and issues. Finally, a clear understanding of the elements of these theories will enable members to recognised symptoms within a faulty group decision-making and draw the best alternative course of action from the group. This paper is going to provide insights on the case of Yellow Auto Company in term of the critical decision in the sociological perspective area such as the Groupthink and Risky-shift phenomenon. Introduction Group decision-making sometimes falls into the typical group norm which oftentimes leads to failure. This happens usually because of the idea of group cohesion and valuing the need for belongingness in the group. Janis (1972) defines it as a deliberate action of an individual group member to conform to the decision of the group to keep the harmony. The reason behind is to avoid clashes and come up with a solution without being critical during a group decision-making process. In addition to the need of individual for belonging, group tendency to transfer the risk to group members allow the group to choose the riskier alternative. It usually, emerges from a faulty organizational structure and communication perspective which oftentimes results a high probability of failure. The Yellow Auto Company was a well-known global car company in India. The company is own and manage by the family where the structure is hierarchical in which line managers and employee has no autonomy in terms of decision making. There is an obvious high cohesion within the members of the decision making body and this is described as unwritten rules of the company which is mostly in the minds of the family members. When the top managers of the Yellow Auto Company, notice the decreasing job satisfaction and commitment of their employees, they decided to invest on their development. Even though, there was an existing economic crisis in the country, the group decided pursuit with their plans in investing in human resource with the assistance of external consultant. This report will utilize the sociological perspective to critically analyse these significant issue and the make recommendation to an effective group decision-making. The Groupthink phenomenon The most critical decision that the Yellow Auto Company have done was the decision of hiring and working with external consultant. Since the company was owned and manage by the family, its group structure is assumed to have high group cohesiveness and lack of critical discussion procedures. Janis (1972) exerts that group with high cohesiveness encourages conformity to its norms and without adequate decision procedures which is a condition of groupthink will tend to result to a poor decision (Callaway & Esser, 1984). In this case the family who runs the company shares common purposes and interests, that gives them a sense of security resulting to a shared illusion of invulnerability (Teale, Dispenza, Flynn, & Currie, 2003a). This is further describe in the case where most of the rules are unwritten and in the minds of the family members which is a characteristic of group conformity (Teale, et al. , 2003a) and where employees did not have much autonomy in decision making. This conformity of individual to adapt the decision of group members (Gerring, Zimbardo, Campbell, Cumming, & Wilkes, 2012), tends to suppressed individual critical thinking to avoid being ridiculed and being question on their loyalty. The structure of communication process was described as hierarchical where agenda can readily be manipulated and directed by pressure of group conformity which reflects self-censorship (Teale, et al. , 2003a). The top managers and owner who make the dominant decision for the organization (Teale, Dispenza, Flynn, & Currie, 2003b) may result to a limited quality of the decision as described by Simon as ‘bounded rationality’ (Tolbert & Hall, 2008). As a result of this limitation the group could only identify and provide less alternative course of action to the problem than in groups where participation is encourage (Carrie, 2010). In addition, the absence of critical thinking in group discussion may devoid individual of their potentials to contribute mportant information necessary of the group (Johnson & Johnson, 2009). In this scenario, the manager may cause other members to follow whatever personal view (Janis, 1972) he may have which is a groupthink perspective characterized by a high level of confidence and lack of disagreement from group members(Callaway & Esser, 1984). However, when the top managers realized the need for experts to manage change process in human resource which reflect task-oriented group (Teale, et al. , 2003a) shows a positive group structure which characterised an effective group decision. Inviting outside expert is a criterion to prevent the groupthink phenomena, allowing independent group to work on the same problem and assess the organizations. When top managers, line managers and employees decided to work and cooperate with external consultant, it bridges the gap and opens the communication between managers and employees. This communication process, allows members of the group to provides unreserved feedbacks to reduce and unveil the hidden and unknown areas as described in Johari Window as information keep to avoid conflict and concealed potential and unrecognized skills(Teale, et al. 2003a). In addition it allows group members to contribute in the development of high-quality decision which is a characteristic of consensus perspective (Johnson & Johnson, 2009). The occurrence of open communication between managers and employees display an active cooperation of the group, which is a characteristic for an effective implementation of a decision(Amason, 1996). This intermediate cohesiveness(Callaway & Esser, 1984) produces high quality decision which builds mutual respect, acceptable culture and shared direction in the achievement of organizational goal. This is a reflection of process-oriented group (Teale, et al. , 2003a) skills where group interaction uses cooperative listening and other social skills to produce a common understanding and getting the job done. Overall, this changes and action of top managers towards their employee builds a mutual commitment for a successful implementation of the decision as described by Guth and Macmillan (Amason, 1996). The Risky-shift phenomenon Most often the group will chose a riskier alternative than decision made by individual (Burnstein, 1969; Stoner, 1968), whereby members of the groups ends to decide differently about perceived risk when they are alone. Some of the many reasons why it might happen include diffusion of responsibility where emotion bonds exist. In this case, the relationship of the family who runs the company, may have the tendency to reduce apprehension and perceived the risk as shared (Wallach, Kogan, & Bem, 1964). Group members would take a risky alternative with the fee ling of less personal responsibility for the negative consequences of such a decision(Forsyth, 1990) and less likelihood of being blamed. It is also a way for individual to easily hide within the group when making contributions to a group discussion and speak only when expected that the group would agree as described by a spiral-of-silence logic (Packer, 2009) whereby individuality is restricted by other people’s opinion. In addition, the top managers and owner of the company cooperation with the external consultant allows the sharing of responsibility to members of the risk which minimizes blaming in case of failure of decision(Clark, 1971). As a result, the decision will most likely be riskier, as they share the risk and relatively make individual felt risk less. Another probability for the risky-shift to exist is the leadership influence(Clark, 1971) over the group. High risk-taker will persuade others to take greater risks(Collins & Guetzkow, 1964) because of their aggressiveness and commitment in the pursuit of their objective which in this case the top manager and owner. The top managers and owner personal and direct involvement in the company and in the discussion (Forsyth, 1990) will have the tendency to influence the group members. This is further supported by Brown (1965) who asserts that status in the group is often connected with risk-taking, which oftentimes made the group chose the riskier alternative. In this case scenario, the decision of investing in human resource despite the prevailing financial economic crisis is a perceived risk yet the group chose to proceed with the plan perhaps because of the influence that the owner have over the group. This is further explored by Bateson (1966) who asserts that as individual become familiar with the problem will tend to advocate more risky alternative. A group interaction will significantly contributes in the amiliarization perspective(Kogan & Wallach, 1967) which allow members of the group to known and be comfortable with risk at hand (Clark, 1971). This group interaction opens the discussion and information exchange towards possible alternative during a risky decision-making. Perhaps the most widely recognized reason of a risky-shift is the cultural value in itself. In the group or in the society situation most individuals choose a riskier decision in order to increase their status in the group. Clark (1971) exerts that diffusion-of-responsibility, leadership influence and familiarization, is dependent upon the relevant content of the risk. In the case of Yellow Auto Company which the structure management is hierarchical, the top manager and owner have wider scope of activities and concern of the company’s status. Given the current situation of the company in which employee become less committed and unsatisfied in their job, decided to mitigate the issue through investing in human resource development and seek assistance from external consultant. This is probably to ensure that they are relatively blameless in the event of company failure and protect their status as well-know global car company. The economic crisis will not only entails the company or family societal status but will also cost them particularly on monetary budget allocation and the length of time to implement and evaluate the result and progress as the external consultant do their job. Perhaps the most common action plan during this time of economic crisis is cost cutting or reduction of employee. Another probability would be that the company will try to maximize their internal workforce or perhaps freeze job hiring rather than spending too much on outsourced hiring. However the group has made this risky-shift as a display of good decision making by their unwavering determination to reach its main aim of customer satisfaction and to achieve its goal to increase share in the market. The attitude of the top managers of being less cautious or less conservative in its orientation towards decision making (Hong, 1978) made it possible for them to reach their the goal. Their participation and cooperation with external consultant is a manifestation of an effective group decision. This group interaction opens an avenue for change process and ultimately results to the attainment of the desired goal. The acceptance of top managers on working with external consultants reflects criteria of compromise decision making, whereby allowing members of the group to freely discuss and present individual and collective ideas and opinion for the common good of the company. This action creates a positive motivation towards job satisfaction of employee (Nemioff & King, 1975) which is described in the case in the later part where employee shows job satisfaction and organizational commitment. This is an indication of an effective group decision making whereby members of the group participate in the implementation of the decision (Johnson & Johnson, 2009). Conclusion These are only few of the many sociological phenomenons that influence a group decision making, especially when group cohesiveness is high and there is an absence of open communication. Groupthinks reduce individuality in a group discussion while risky-shift enable individual to conform with the group in order to increase group status. Understanding these theories would enable the group to recognize the factors that may affect the quality of decisions we made in the group. It also reduces the magnitude of pressure in which the risk has to bring in every decision made during uncertainties. In addition, group communication is very important in the process of decision-making whereby individual is able to express their opinion and ideas. It is also in this way that individual contribution is valued and will learn to stand his position in certain decision-making procedure. It may be difficult and challenging because of individual different views but the process will develop alternatives in problem solving which reflects a good group decision-making. Overall, understanding these sociological phenomenon and perspective allow us to identify attributes that may control and limit the development of best alternative in solving problem and issues. Recommendation To avoid the pitfall of groupthink and risky-shift sociological perspective it is recommended that 1. Each members of the group that is to include the leader or manager should value the presence and idea of each members of the group 2. Leaders and managers should be sensitive enough to avoid the effects of groupthink by refraining from using their power and influence over the group. 3. Leaders and managers should refrain from persuading members of the group in their own idea. 4. Group members should in times take the role of a critical evaluator and this should be allowed by the group to speak his doubts on the decision. 5. A separate group should be created to work with the same problem. 6. Finally, a good communication between group members combined with a deeper understanding would bring success and less probability of failure in the decision.

Dogon and Kongo Power Figure Essays

Dogon and Kongo Power Figure Essays Dogon and Kongo Power Figure Paper Dogon and Kongo Power Figure Paper Comparison and Distinction of Two Works of Art : Upon looking at the Dogon Seated Couple one of the main characters I noticed was that the sculpture had an abstractive and subtractive appearance . It is subtractive in the sense that it one can tell it was carved form a wood and metal core. The composition of the sculpture emphasized the couples equivalence, harmony, and connectedness giving of a sense of conceptual unity. The idea of a conceptual unity within the figure styles the couple and they are forced to share the same features . The sculptures sit along each other’s side and the male wraps his arms around the women and lays it warmly on her breast. His other arm is placed it on his genital area this is set to emphasize the joining of man and women. The illustration of a the seated man and women highlights as well the proportion and balance portrayed with in the sculpture. The figures are free standing and proportionally stable. The figures are equivalent in size and balance – neither is larger, powerful, or impressive than the other. The concept of balance is shown throughout the entire sculpture for example there is a visible amount of negative and positive space all over the art work . The negative space is visible vertically between both of the sculptures, between the arms of the female sculpture and the arm of the male sculpture ; as well as the legs. This negative space forms an interesting relevant shape, and such space is used as an artistic effect to give emphasis to the equal balance in the middle of both figures , the arms, and the legs and feet. The Dogon seated sculptures composition provides the countless importance of geometrical shapes. Both figures get longer at the torso and various geometric shapes were used to represent other body parts and facial features. For example the ovoid heads, squared shoulders, narrow edges, circular breasts and belly button, forearms, and thighs on a parallel plane. Human Couples are one of the most widespread themes in Dogon sculpture. The seated couple figure was created between the 16th and 19th centuries. It shows a male and female couple sitting along each other’s side on a nommo stool, the man with his arm over the shoulder of the woman sitting next to him. The male figure displays his role as a protector by having his arm around the woman and displays his role as a hunter, provider and warrior by having a quiver. The woman similarly displays her own role as a mother, her child on her back. The stool they sit on is held up by four figures that probably represent ancestors who protect and hold up this family.

Virtually Anyting essays

Virtually Anyting essays  ¡Virtually Anything ¡ Virtual reality is a computer simulation that allows the viewer to see three-dimensional and realistic images. Virtual reality is made possible through sophisticated computers and complex programs designed to detect and interact with the person ¡s actual body movements and actions in real time (instantly). The person can manipulate the  ¡virtual ¡, or computer generated, environment with specially designed tools such as gloves, a helmet, and a variety of other such devices (Virtual Reality: History). These tools that are needed for advanced virtual reality simulations are usually owned by institutions such as NASA, universities, or government training facilities. Using tools such as the clothing type is usually restricted to the more expensive or educational experience of the technology. In fact, most people that use virtual reality may or may not know that they are because it is so common and due to the fact that using VR is not restricted to wearing the specialized gea r. Virtual reality didn ¡t always have such a commercial appeal even though it is most widely used today as a consumer product-enhancing agent when it first surfaced. In fact, VR wasn ¡t even a concept to the general public when the idea first arose to use a graphical representation of computer data. This was the first step in creating the idea of virtual reality because the computers of the time (late 1950s) were  ¡only glorified adding machines ¡ (Virtual Reality: History) that printed out on the old dot matrix type of printer. Also, these computers dominated the huge air-conditioned rooms that contained them and were not owned by the everyday Joe. With the further development of the computer came the increase in technologies that would yield the beginnings of intricate visual displays that would be known as virtual reality (Virtual Reality: History). Although the first ideas of linking c...

The Concept of Actionable Information in Economy

The Concept of Actionable Information in Economy Actionable information is the type of information that can be performed on, leading to an achievement or accomplishment of an act. It is the information that causes things to take place, by initiating a sequence of actions and reactions. It means the availability of crucial information instantly obtainable so as to address the circumstances at hand.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Actionable Information in Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Typically, actionable information is a comparatively minute portion or portions of non- evident elements that can structure an original foundation point for formation of hypothesis. Actionable information is the most important aspect of constructing support. In a nut shell, actionable information is something that facilitates a decision making process and action is provoked as a consequent; thus every organization or business â€Å"need to know† (Streif er Schumann, 2005, p.282). An example of actionable information is an example of share price in the stock market or price of a commodity to the buyer or the seller. For instance, the price of fish in the market along a certain coastline is actionable information to a fisherman, as it gears his decision on where to get his catch and how to sell his fish. Another example is in the case of an economist or a consumer who has a low income. The consumer will regard the information on prices of goods and services as actionable information since it is going to guide his consumption according to the budget constrain. The pricing policy of competitors in a certain industry can also be regarded as actionable information since it will guide the pricing policy of the whole industry and to some extend retention of customers. There are various risks that come up as a result of acting within a situation without actionable information. First, there is a risk of making irrelevant decisions that do n ot address the issue at hand. Without actionable information, an individual or a business is likely to use outdated information or rather use the wrong strategy which could lead to huge business losses. Secondly, lack of actionable information means the business cannot respond to information as soon as it is required. With increased technology in the market, timely delivery of decisions is of essence. The organization should not only be able to make decisions, but also, make quick and timely decisions (Anderson Foley, 2008, p.73). Finally, there is a greater risk of giving the competitors an advantage, the firms should have and make use of actionable information to make decisions sensitive to the market and to competitors’ activities. The actionable information is also important to counter the activities of competitors in the market as well as future directions (Anderson Foley, 2008, p.75).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Actionable information is indispensable especially with the nature of the 21st century market, advanced technology and global competition. Without actionable information the firm may affect its timeliness and value of inputs in decision making process. This concept is also important in getting to understand the existing capabilities of the firm, developments, high-tech and future directions as far as the market and technology is concerned (Louie, 2011). Actionable information is always crucial in case of emergencies that need to be addressed immediately either to avoid losses, quick delivery of information or any other occurrence in regard to market, suppliers, customers or competitors. Actionable information can be described as a crucial asset in the industry that has the ability to deliver the returns required to sustain the organization in the long term. The land slide created by the speedy advance in technology has aggravated more need for data. From this standpoint, the fast development of knowledge-based devices is an apparent justification that businesses that are preeminently capable of transforming their data into actionable information and facts have an upper hand at durable sustainability. This is so because of the effective decision making, time delivery, and strategy that comes with actionable information. Reference List Anderson, D., Milner, B., Foley, C. (2008). From complex data to actionable information: institutional research supporting enrollment management; New Directions for Institutional Research, Vol. 2008 Issue 137, p71-82, 12p Louie, A. (2011). Actionable information-the one true core asset in the life retrieved from web. Streifer, P., Schumann, J. (2005). Using data mining to identify actionable information: breaking new ground in data-driven decision making Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, Vol. 10 Issue 3, p281-293, 13p;Advertising We will w rite a custom essay sample on The Concept of Actionable Information in Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Military vs. Militia

Military vs. Militia Military vs. Militia Military vs. Militia By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between the military and a militia? The distinction is generally between formal and regular service members and auxiliary or irregular personnel, but the latter term is less precise. More precisely and comprehensively, the military is the entirety of a country’s designated personnel, matà ©riel (as opposed to materials), and infrastructure as organized for defense. A militia can be a subcategory of the military, consisting of personnel generally deployed only during emergencies though in some nations, the term refers to all citizens eligible to be called to military service but it may refer, alternatively, to reserve forces, law-enforcement entities, or privately financed and equipped groups. Both words are derived from the Latin term miles, meaning â€Å"soldier†: military stems from militaris, meaning â€Å"of soldiers or war,† of â€Å"military service,† or â€Å"warlike,† and militia is a direct borrowing of a word meaning â€Å"military service, warfare.† Paramilitary (the prefix means â€Å"related to† or â€Å"resembling†) refers to armed forces organized more or less according to military protocols but not necessarily official or authorized. The term, like militia, is ambiguous, as it could refer, depending on the context, to a body of armed personnel ranging in degrees of legitimacy from national police to guerrillas. Other words descended from the Latin miles include militant, in noun form referring to a (usually unofficial) combatant or as an adjective meaning â€Å"fighting† or â€Å"aggressive† in both military and nonmilitary contexts, and militate. Both these words developed from the Latin word military â€Å"serve as a soldier,† but the latter acquired a connotation of â€Å"counteract† or â€Å"have a negative effect on.† In the United States, the military consists of the following branches of the armed forces: the US Army, the US Navy, the US Marine Corps, and the US Air Force; in time of war, the US Coast Guard can be attached to the navy. Subsidiary elements, considered militia, include the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard, plus the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Marine Corps Forces Reserve, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve, which collectively constitute the National Guard of the United States. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Handy Expressions About HandsProved vs. Proven20 Ways to Cry

Stop Cluttering Up the Classroom Walls

Stop Cluttering Up the Classroom Walls Despite a teachers best intentions, a cluttered classroom environment could be distracting students from learning. Too much visual stimulation in the classroom can be distracting, the layout may be unwelcoming, or the classroom wall color may have a negative impact on mood. These elements of  classroom environment  can have a negative or positive effect on student academic performance. This general statement is supported by a growing  body of research on the critical impact that light, space, and room layout have on a students well-being, physically and emotionally. The Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture has collected information on this impact: Features of any architectural environment can  have an influence certain brain processes such as those involved in stress, emotion and memory (Edelstein 2009).   While it may be difficult to control all factors, the choice of materials on a classroom wall is the easiest to manage for a teacher.  The  Princeton University Neuroscience Institute  published the results of a study,â€Å"Interactions of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mechanisms in Human Visual Cortex,†Ã‚  they conducted that discusses how the brain sorts out competing stimuli. One heading in the research notes: Multiple stimuli present in the visual field at the same time compete for neural representation...   In other words, the more stimulation in an environment, the more competition for attention from the part of a students  brain needed to focus. Michael Hubenthal and Thomas O’Brien reached the same conclusion in their research  Revisiting Your Classroom’s Walls: The Pedagogical Power of Posters  (2009). They found that a students  working  memory uses  different components that process visual and  verbal information . They agreed that too many posters, regulations, or information sources could have the  potential of overwhelming a students  working memory:   The  visual complexity caused by an  abundance of text and small images  can set  up an  overwhelming  visual/verbal  competition between  text and  graphics for which students must gain control in order to  give meaning to information. From Early Years to High School For many students, the  text and graphic-rich classroom environments begin in their early education (Pre-K and elementary) classrooms. These classrooms may be decorated to an extreme.   Too often,  clutter passes for quality, a  sentiment expressed by  Erika Christakis in her book  The Importance of Being Little: What Preschoolers Really Need from Grownups  (2016).  In  Chapter 2 (Goldilocks Goes to Daycare) Christakis describes the average preschool the following way: First well bombard you with what educators call a print-rich environment, every wall and surface festooned with a vertiginous array of labels, vocabulary list, calendars, graphs, classroom rules, alphabet lists, number charts, and inspirational platitudes - few of those symbols you will be able to decode, a favorite buzzword for what used to be known as reading(33). Christakis also list the other distractions that are also  hanging in plain sight:  the number of  mandated rules and regulations alongside decorations including hand washing instructions, allergy procedures, and emergency exit diagrams. She writes: In one study, researchers manipulated the amount of clutter on the walls of a laboratory classroom where kindergarteners were taught a series of science lessons. As the visual distraction increased, the childrens ability to focus, stay on task, and learn new information decreased (33). Researchers from The Holistic Evidence and Design (HEAD) support Christakiss position. They assessed  hundred fifty-three U.K. classrooms to study the link of classroom environment to the learning of almost four thousand students  (ages 5-11).  Researchers  Peter Barrett, Fay Davies, Yufan Zhang, and Lucinda Barrett published their findings in  The Holistic Impact of Classroom Spaces on Learning in Specific Subjects  (2016).  They reviewed the impact of different factors, including color, on student learning, by looking at measures of progress in reading, writing, and math.  They found that reading and writing performances are particularly affected by levels of  stimulation. They also noted that math received  the most positive impact from a classroom design that is student-centered and personalized spaces. Environment Element: Color in the Classroom The color of the classroom can also stimulate or overstimulate students. This environmental element may not always be under the teachers control, but there are some recommendations teachers might be able to make. For example, the colors  red and orange are associated with negative impact on students, making them feel nervous and unsettled. In contrast, blue and green colors are calming colors.   The color  of an environment also affects children differently according to age. Younger children below five may be more productive with bright colors such as yellow. Older students, specifically high school students, work better in rooms painted in light shades of blue and green which are less stressful and distracting.  Ã‚  Warm yellows or pale yellows are also older student appropriate. The scientific research into color is extensive and color can affect children’s moods, mental clarity, and energy levels,  (Englebrecht, 2003).   According to the International Association of Color Consultants - North America (IACC-NA), a school’s physical environment has a  powerful psycho-physiological impact on its students:   â€Å"Appropriate color design is important in protecting eyesight, in creating surroundings that are conducive to studying, and in promoting physical and mental health.† The IACC has noted that poor color choices can lead to irritability, premature fatigue, lack of interest and behavioral problems.   Alternatively,  walls with no color can also be a problem. Colorless and poorly lit classrooms are often considered boring or lifeless, and a  boring classroom maybe likely to cause  students to become disengaged and uninterested in learning. â€Å"For budget reasons, a lot of schools don’t seek out good information on color,† says Bonnie Krims, of IACC. She notes that in the past, there was a common belief that the more colorful the classroom, the better for the students. Recent research disputes past practice, and that too much color, or colors that are too bright, can lead to overstimulation. An accent wall of bright color in a classroom may be offset by muted shades on the other walls.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The goal is to find a balance,† Krims concludes.   Natural Light Dark colors are equally problematic. Any color that lessens or filters  natural sunlight out of a room can even make people feel drowsy and listless (Hathaway, 1987).  There are multiple studies that point to the  beneficial effects of natural light  on health and mood. One medical study found that patients who had access to a scenic view of nature had shorter hospital stays and required lower amounts of pain medication than those patients who had windows that faced a brick building. The official  blog of the U.S. Department of Education posted a  2003 study  (in  California)  that  found that classrooms with the most (natural light)  daylighting had a 20 percent better learning rate in math, and a 26 percent improved rate in reading, compared to classrooms with little or no daylighting. The study also noted that in some cases,  teachers  needed only  to reposition furniture or move  storage to  take advantage of the available natural light in their classrooms.  Ã‚   Overstimulation and Special Needs Students Overstimulation is an issue with students who may have Autistic Spectrum Disorder  (ASD).  The Indiana Resource Center for Autism  recommends that teachers try to limit  auditory and visual distractions so that students can  focus on the concepts that are being taught instead of details that may not be relevant, and reduces competing distractions. Their  recommendation is to limit these distractions: Often when students with ASD are presented with too much stimulus (visual or auditory), processing may slow down, or if overloaded, processing may stop completely.   This approach may prove  beneficial for other students as well.  While  a  classroom rich in materials may support learning,  a cluttered classroom that overstimulates  may be too distracting to many students whether they special needs or not. Color also matters for special needs students. Trish Buscemi, the owner of  Colors Matter, has experience in advising clients what color palette to use with special needs populations.  Buscemi has found that blues, greens, and muted brown tones tend to be appropriate choices for students with ADD and ADHD, and she writes on her blog  that: The brain remembers color first! Let the Students Decide At the secondary level,  teachers could have  students make contributions to help shape a learning space. Giving students a voice in designing their space along will help develop student ownership in the classroom.  The  Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture  agrees, and notes  the importance of being able to have spaces that students can call their own. Their literature explains, Feelings of comfort and welcome in a shared space are vital to the level in which we feel invited to take part.  Students are more likely to  take pride in the space, and they are more likely to support each others efforts to contribute ideas and maintain organization.   Also, teachers should be encouraged to feature student work, maybe original pieces of art, displayed to elicit trust and student worth.   What Decorations to Choose? To reduce classroom clutter, teachers could ask themselves the following questions before putting that velcro or removable tape onto the classroom wall: What purpose does this  poster, sign or display serve?Do  these  posters, signs, or items celebrate or support student learning?Are the  posters, signs, or displays  current with what is being learned in the classroom?Can the display  be made interactive?Is there  white space in between wall displays to help the  eye distinguish what is in the display?Can students contribute to decorating the classroom (ask â€Å"What do you think could go inside that space?†) As the school year begins, teachers should keep in mind opportunities to limit distractions and reduce classroom clutter for better academic performance.

The History of the Italian Language

The History of the Italian Language You’re always hearing that Italian is a romance language, and that’s because linguistically speaking, it’s a member of the Romance group of the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages. It is spoken principally in the Italian peninsula, southern Switzerland, San Marino, Sicily, Corsica, northern Sardinia, and on the northeastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, as well as in North and South America. Like the other Romance languages, Italian is a direct offspring of the Latin spoken by the Romans and imposed by them on the peoples under their dominion. However, Italian is unique in that of all the major Romance languages, it retains the closest resemblance to Latin. Nowadays, it’s considered one language with many different dialects. Development During the long period of Italian’s evolution, many dialects sprang up, and the multiplicity of these dialects and their claims upon their native speakers as pure Italian speech presented a peculiar difficulty in choosing a version that would reflect the cultural unity of the entire peninsula. Even the earliest popular Italian documents, produced in the 10th century, are dialectal in language, and during the following three centuries Italian writers wrote in their native dialects, producing a number of competing regional schools of literature. During the 14th century, the Tuscan dialect began to dominate. This may have happened because of Tuscany’s central position in Italy and because of the aggressive commerce of its most important city, Florence. Moreover, of all the Italian dialects, Tuscan has the greatest similarity in morphology and phonology from classical Latin, which makes it harmonize best with the Italian traditions of Latin culture. Finally, Florentine culture produced the three literary artists who best summarized Italian thought and feeling of the late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance: Dante, Petrarca, and Boccaccio. The First 13th Century Texts In the first half of the 13th century, Florence was preoccupied with the development of trade. Then interest began to broaden, especially under the lively influence of Latini. Brunetto Latini (1220-94): Latini was exiled to Paris from 1260 to 1266 and became a link between France and Tuscany. He wrote the Trà ¨sor (in French) and the Tesoretto (in Italian) and contributed to the development of allegorical and didactic poetry, along with a tradition of rhetoric upon which dolce stil nuovo and Divine Comedy were based.The dolce stil nuovo (1270-1310): Although in theory they continued the Provenà §al tradition and counted themselves members of the Sicilian School of Federico IIs reign, the Florentine writers went their own way. They used all their knowledge of science and philosophy in a delicate and detailed analysis of love. Among them were Guido Cavalcanti and the young Dante.The Chroniclers: These were men of the merchant class whose involvement in city affairs inspired them to write tales in the vulgar tongue. Some, such as Dino Compagni (d. 1324), wrote about local conflicts and rivalries; others, like Giovanni Villani (d. 1348), took on much wider E uropean events as their subject. The Three Jewels in the Crown Dante Alighieri (1265-1321): Dantes Divine Comedy is one of the great works of world literature, and it was also proof that in literature the vulgar tongue could rival Latin. He had already defended his argument in two unfinished treatises, De vulgari eloquentia and Convivio, but to prove his point it needed the Divine Comedy, this masterpiece in which Italians rediscovered their language in sublime form (Bruno Migliorini).Petrarch (1304-74): Francesco Petrarca was born in Arezzo since his father was in exile from Florence. He was a passionate admirer of ancient Roman civilization and one of the great early Renaissance humanists, creating a Republic of Letters. His philological work was highly respected, as were his translations from Latin into the Vulgate, and also his Latin works. But it’s Petrarchs love poetry, written in the vulgar tongue, that keeps his name alive today. His Canzoniere had enormous influence on the poets of the 15th and 16th centuries.Boccaccio (1313-75): This was a man from the rising commercial classes, whose principal work, ​​Decameron, has been described as a merchants epic. It consists of one hundred stories told by characters who are also part of a story that provides the setting for the whole, much like The Arabian Nights. The work was to become a model for fiction and prose writing. Boccaccio was the first to write a commentary on Dante, and he was also a friend and disciple of Petrarch. Around him gathered enthusiasts of the new humanism. La Questione Della Lingua The question of the language, an attempt to establish linguistic norms and codify the language, engrossed writers of all persuasions. Grammarians during the 15th and the 16th centuries attempted to confer upon the pronunciation, syntax, and vocabulary of 14th-century Tuscan the status of a central and classical Italian speech. Eventually, this classicism, which might have made Italian another dead language, was widened to include the organic changes inevitable in a living tongue. In the dictionaries and publications of the, founded in 1583, which was accepted by Italians as authoritative in Italian linguistic matters, compromises between classical purism and living Tuscan usage were successfully effected. The most important literary event of the 16th century did not take place in Florence. In 1525 the Venetian Pietro Bembo (1470-1547) set out his proposals (Prose della volgar lingua - 1525) for a standardized language and style: Petrarca and Boccaccio were his models and thus became the modern classics. Therefore, the language of Italian literature is modeled on Florence in the 15th century. Modern Italian It wasn’t until the 19th century that the language spoken by educated Tuscans spread far enough to become the language of the new nation. The unification of Italy in 1861 had a profound impact not only on the political scene but also resulted in a significant social, economic, and cultural transformation. With mandatory schooling, the literacy rate increased, and many speakers abandoned their native dialect in favor of the national language.

McCann, Let The Great World Spin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

McCann, Let The Great World Spin - Essay Example In the opening lines of the novel itself, there is a blunt reference to the twin tower attack, and the first view of the novelist’s fictional world that the reader gets, is the people in the New York city streets, watching upwards, tilting their heads, which has a premonition-like resemblance to the images that were flashed on television, years later, when the twin towers fell. Corrigan’s blind faith is the ideology that sets the tone of the novel. So it becomes easy for one of the protagonists (Corrigan’s brother) to say that â€Å"he never rejected the world† (McCann, 20). Such a conforming posture before the vices and miseries of the world is also in conformity with the way, America handled the ‘war on terrorism’. The hope expressed in the novel had no connection with the realities of the people of Afghanistan or Iraq. What happened in the twin tower incident was repeated by America a million times in these countries, which took away the mo ral right of the nation to preach hope and peace. And in the novel, whenever the war is mentioned, the propagator of the war is explicitly absent, as if war was a natural disaster. This is why the novelist, in almost all his sentences, makes war the grammatical ‘subject’, and not the object of action by another subject. For example, one of the narrators is heard to say, â€Å"the war kicked in, and she got all messed up in it† (McCann, 49). When one of the protagonists says, â€Å"this was not the America that I expected†, he was referring to the dark ghettos of South Bronx, but by placing, Corrigan, the Christ look alike, in those ghettos, a virtual kind of solution is offered by the novel (McCann, 32). Throughout the book, one is reminded that though reaching out to the victims is a good deed, preventing victimization is far more difficult a task, of which every one wants to shed responsibility. The puritan approach of the novelist is evident from the

Personality Commonalities Among Adolescent Suicide Essay

Personality Commonalities Among Adolescent Suicide - Essay Example In a research article written by Fleischmann, Bertolote, Belfer & Beautrais, 2005 they reexamined past research that showed the presence and distribution of mental disorders in cases of completed suicide among young people worldwide. A second research study was investigated that performed longitudinal studies to see if traits in adolescents and adults were similar to one another pertaining to suicidal behavior. The research was completed in a five-year span. In the research study performed by Goldston, A third research study by Douglas, Belfrage, Edens, Herbozo & Poythres (2006) was completed to investigate if specific behavioral aspects of psychopath, such as interpersonal-affective, manipulative ness and lack of remorse, are related to suicidal behavior. Adolescent Suicide has been an increasing health problem throughout the world. In many countries, suicide rates have been gradually increasing. Since the 1950s, adolescent suicide has tripled. Multiple factors seem to be related to self-harm in adolescents. Some examples include depression, hopelessness, psychological pain, aggression, and anxiety. In this paper, the task of finding common personality traits is investigated. It is hypothesized that there are certain personality characteristics in adolescents that are contributing factors when the adolescents attempt to self-harm or commit suicide. This document is a description of three research studies attempt to illustrate and support this hypothesis. In a research article written by Fleischmann, Bertolote, Belfer & Beautrais, 2005 they reexamined past research that showed the presence and distribution of mental disorders in cases of completed suicide among young people worldwide. A second research study was investigated

Trade union density has undergone significant decline since 1979 Essay - 3

Trade union density has undergone significant decline since 1979 - Essay Example A few decades ago, the trade unionism in the United Kingdom used to be very vibrant. Almost all the workers in both the public and private sectors were represented in the trade unions in UK (Blyton and Tumball, 2004). The trade unions had a huge representation of male workers who worked in the mass production industries. However, from 1979 trade union density in the country began to drop according to Blyton and Tumball (2004). Before this unfortunate decline, statistics show that membership in the trade unions considerably high; during this time, more than half of the entire workforce in the UK belonged to one form of trade union or another. This is stark contrast to the situation today when the trade unions only have 26% of UK workers as their members (Labour Force Survey Report, 2006). The private sector only contributes a mere 12% of its workforce as members to trade unions in the UK. The same statistics show that the majority of union workers are those who are in the public sector. Very few part time employees enrol in any of the unions. According to Butler’s (2005) analysis, there are fewer men than women in the most trade unions. Workers from across the country, regardless of whether they were working in public or private organizations were all affected by this decline. There are a number of factors that led to the decline of trade union membership in the private and public sector and they will all be discussed in this paper. The decline of trade union membership density in the UK started to be felt after Margaret Thatcher took over the premiership in 1979. Though her leadership is not the sole reason for the decline, it played a major role in not preventing the decline of trade unions in the United Kingdom. Right after Thatcher became the Prime Minister of Britain, there were several civil unrest cases throughout the whole country according to Butler

Should Marijuana be legalized in America Research Proposal

Should Marijuana be legalized in America - Research Proposal Example Marijuana should be legalized within America, mainly due to the fact that it has absolutely no rationale to ban it in the first place. Crude marijuana, as researchers have been able to extract, possesses more than 400 chemicals as a combination. This however occurs during smoking when all of these 400 chemicals split up into thousands of other chemicals themselves. Notwithstanding the nearly 12,000 studies done on the medical utility of marijuana, a staggering common consent does exist in the scientific community of late which suggests that the smoked form of marijuana cannot be termed as a medicine. One should thus make laws that go against putting the users or sellers of marijuana in jails as they have a right to exercise their lives in the best manner that they deem fit. (Hough, 2003) According to a number of public opinion polls that were conducted in America sometime back, Americans do not support the idea of liberalizing marijuana, just for the sake of it. They are simply not in the harmony with it and thus they do not allow their government to do anything of such nature. Thus this gives the drug pressure groups some food for thought whereby they abstain themselves from using the word "legalization" in their trading with the government and hence the people in particular, in this matter. This term has been substituted with preferred ones like harm reduction, decriminalization and even ‘medicalization’. However they (drug lobby groups) are hell bent upon achieving their goals, which are to approve the bill of medicinal marijuana as legal and free for all and sundry to research openly and extract benefits from.

DQ1 Week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DQ1 Week 1 - Essay Example This essentially means that an ordinary Internet search will miss out on the vast resources hidden within the deep Web. To appreciate the importance of the deep Web one has only to look at Bergman (2001) findings. To begin with, the deep Web is not only 400 to 550 times larger than the surface Web but is also the largest growing category of new information on the Internet. Also, Bergman (2001) argued that the deep Web’s content quality surpasses that of the surface Web by a factor ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 times. Most of all this content is highly relevant to most information needs. This element of relevance to most information needs implies that both academia and business should find access to the deep Web’s resources important. The world’s biggest search engine, Google was conceived by Sergey Brin and Larry Page when they faced difficulty in finding relevant academic data in the then early Web. Access to relevant, current and quality information is the crux of academia. With conventional search engines accessing only about 16% of the information available on the World Wide Web (LaGuardia Community College 2012) academic researchers risk losing out on a vast resource of information-rich literature content. This is especially true given Lewandowski and Mayr (2006) findings that: firstly, more and more scholarly content are being provided on the Internet and secondly, that researchers are increasingly consulting general-purpose Internet search engines to retrieve these scholarly documents. In addition to this on-going digitization projects are contributing to the continuous growth of the Invisible Web. In light of this, Academia the importance of accessing the deep Web to academia cannot be gainsai d. Researchers have no option but to devise better tools and techniques to enable better and greater access into this information-rich â€Å"portal† of knowledge referred to as the deep Web. On the other hand, business

Referring to at least two of Ted Hughes' poems, discuss how the poet Essay

Referring to at least two of Ted Hughes' poems, discuss how the poet makes use of the natural landscape - Essay Example Ted Hughes nature poems include Wind, Rain, October Dawn and November. Wind is a wholly descriptive poem. It describes a storm .The description and the fierce mood nature is beautifully recorded in it. The portrayal of a tremendous dramatic picture of a landscape severely affected by weather is fully packed with imagery. The poem begins with a kind of metaphor It Seems to the poet that The house in which he is sitting at this time had been out at sea all night. He has this feeling because all night a storm had been raging. It seemed to the inmates that the house was being buffeted on the sea by the raging wind and waves. According to Alan Bold this poem takes as its physical starting point the house of Hughes parent’s. Hughes descries that house as some fine green goblet† The poem is full of magnificently arranged physical images which transform the so-called ordinary objects into objects of wonder. The comparison of te house to a ship is beautiful. â€Å"The house has been far out at sea all night. ... The difficulty in moving against the wind is also created by saying â€Å" I scaled along the house –side†¦..The landscape containing hills suddenly changing to a tend during the dreadful storm ,the magpie which was flung away etc gives the moving landscape instead of the stillness in some other poems. Wind is a not a tough poem to a reader who had some personal experience with of a furious storm Hughes was writing what he experienced during his stay there. On the subject of the poem Hughes himself said† On and off I live in the house on top of a hill in the penniness where the wind blows without obstruction across the top of the moors . I have experienced some gale in that house and wind is a poem I once wrote about them. In writing that poem I was mainly concerned with the strength of the blast, the way it seems to shake the world up like a box of toys†. ‘The rain’ is another notable poem of Ted Hughes in which we get a powerful display of a la ndscape affected by rain. This poem beautifully sketches the graphic visionary images of the rain. It has been raining. The rain brought floods and then came frost. After the frost there was more rain. Thus we get different pictures in quick succession. The opening line contains picture if rain floods frost, roof drumming, the purple bare woods heaved water and sleet. Then follow pictures of the fields, the hedge, the hill a, farm toads cows, a pheasant soaked thickets and so on. Through this long series of pictures the landscape affected by the rain closely viewed by the readers. The keen observer or perceiver in the poet Ted Hughes is most active in this poem Crab Robinson says that Hughes takes microscopic visual close

Discussion question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 30

Discussion question - Essay Example sets of different but related jobs), while allowing various positions in the job family to be hierarchically placed thus supporting organizations equate the position to the jobs and the job family as well and this can be used in salaries and wage determination (Hartley, 1999). Notably research has over time challenged the use of worker trait inventories in job analysis due to non-measurable aspects. However, through competency which is the state  of  being  effective or  well  qualified  physically  and  rationally through knowledge, skills abilities, values and interest combination, non measurable traits factors have been measured. This is possible through competency based selection systems where objectives, strategies and jobs are harmonized with an individual during employee selection. On the other hand, task based systems focus on job operations hence failing to recognize individuals’ ability in contributing to the organization (Hartley, 1999). In my opinion I would choose a flight piloted by an individual chosen using the task based selection system over one chosen by a competency based system. This is because competency seeks only to match the skills and ability to fly or perform the task yet no past experiences are observed a s high degree of competence or skill i.e. proficiency should be upheld in task performance. This is further described by the principal difference of proficiency level and skill. Proficiency level implies adequate expertise level while skill is the level of proficiency beyond